Study on Actual
Situation of Medicinal Plants in Ethiopia
The medicinal
plant of Ethiopia and the developing countries play major
supplementary
roles to the limited modern health care available. The development of
useful and
widely used drugs like Digoxin and Digitoxin, from Digitalis leaves; quinine
13 from the cinchona
bark; reserpine from Rauwolfia serpentine; morphine from Papaver
somniferum;
coaine from Erythroxzion coca and the anti cancer Vincristiner and
Viblastine
from Cartharathus troseus of Madagascar and again anti-cancer compound,
bruceatin,
from the Ethiopian plant, Brucea antidysentrica, just to name a few, are
examples of
the contributions of traditional pharmacopoeia (Desta Belachew, 1984)
The various
literature available show the significant role of medicinal plant in primary
health care
delivery in Ethiopia where 70% of human and 90% of livestock population
depend on
traditional medicine again similar to many developing countries particularly
that of
Sub-Saharan African countries. Those plants are part of the economic
commodity for
some members of the society which make their livelihood on their
collection,
trade and medicinal practices by practitioners or healers. It thus has a
substantial
potential to make contributions to the economic growth and alleviation of
poverty in
the country. Its proper management protect environment and conserve
biodiversity.
The traditional health care is deep rooted with oral and written
pharmacopoeias.
Ethiopian plants have shown very effective contributions for some
ailments of
human and domestic animals. Such plants include Phytolacca dodencadra
(Aklilu
Lemma,1965), Many species of Maytenus studied by National Cancer Institute,
USA see
Kupchan et al. 1972 and many species that show antimalarials (see Nkunya,
M. H. H.,
1992).
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Medicinal plant resources of Ethiopia
The Ethiopian region is characterized
by a wide range of ecological, edaphic, and climatic conditions that account
for the wide diversity of its biological resources, both in terms of flora and
faunal wealth. The plant genetic resources of the country exhibit an enormous
diversity as seen in the fact that Ethiopia is one of the twelve Vavilov
centres of origin for domesticated crops and their wild and weedy relatives.
According to recent studies, it is estimated that there are more than 7000
species of flowering plants recorded in Ethiopia, of which 12 percent or more
are probably endemic.
Medicinal plants comprise one of the
important components of the vegetation. On record there are 600 species of
medicinal plants constituting a little over 10 percent of Ethiopia's vascular
flora. They are distributed all over the country, with greater concentration in
the south and south-western part of the country. The woodlands of Ethiopia are
the source of most of the medicinal plants, followed by the montane grassland/dry
montane forest complex of the plateau. Other important vegetation types for
medicinal plants are the evergreen bushland and rocky areas.
Over 85 percent of the rural
population, plus an increasing number of the poor in urban centres, and animal
husbandry employ many of the available plants, as well as products from wild
animals and minerals as their primary source of healthcare in the fight against
various physical and mental health problems. The value and role of these
traditional healthcare systems will not diminish in the future because they are
both culturally viable and expected to remain affordable while the modern
healthcare service is both limited and expensive.
Ethiopia has a long history of
traditional healthcare based largely on rich, though unstandardized,
pharmacopoeia drawn mostly from plants used both by women in the home in
self-administration and traditional health practitioners (THPs). The efficacy
of a few of these plants (Hagenia abyssinica) and Glinus
lotoides from the treatment of tapeworm, and Phytolacca
dodecandra as a molluscicide in the control of schistosomiasis) has
been scientifically determined, but the safety and efficacy of many others in
the treatment of various diseases remains underdeveloped.
However, many of these plant species
used in traditional systems by women and THPs are becoming rare and limited in
distribution; they are threatened by several factors, both man-made and
natural. Environmental degradation, agricultural expansion, loss of forest and
woodlands, over-harvesting, fire, and urbanization appear to be the principal
threats to the medicinal plants of the country. The danger certainly poses a
significant threat to the future well being of the population which has, for
generations, relied on these resources to combat the ailments of both human
beings and domestic animals.
SOME COMMON MEDICINAL
AND POISONOUS PLANTS USED IN ETHIOPIAN FOLK MEDICINE
by
Amare Getahun,
Associate Professor,
Faculty of Science,
Addis Abeba University,
Addis Abeba, Ethiopia.
March, I976
Amare Getahun,
Associate Professor,
Faculty of Science,
Addis Abeba University,
Addis Abeba, Ethiopia.
March, I976
INTRODUCTION
Ethiopia is rich in medical lore. The
use of plants in religjous ceremonies as well as for magic and medicinal
purposes is very commonplace and widespread. Based upon strong primitive roots.
The art ofnative medicine is still widely practicedo While much of this lore
isindigenous, yet there are strong indications of Hebrew and Egyptian aswell as
Greek and other Arabic influences.
Among natives of various countries, a
knowledge of medicine has been passed by word of mouth from one generation to
the next by priests, witchdoctors or medicine men. This is no less true in
Ethiopia where written records in this field are almost absent even though the
country has had a written language for over two thousand years. The method is
crude and highly conducive to distortion in an area where much accuracy is
needed. Some of the lore is lost at each point of transfer or otherwise
modified and thereby becomes erroneous and dangerous to use. In addition,
witchdoctors, to safeguard their interests and win the respect of the inflicted
masses, usually compose a long and impressive list of curative herbs for a
particular disease when they know that it is only one of those listed that
causes a cure. This is also done to fence out or discourage others from
becoming herbal doctors if they are forced to tell the secret. For the same
reasons, the plants comprising the remedy are selected from different
ecological locations such as alpine, highlands, or lowlands; thus rendering it
more difficult to exactly duplicate the ingredients. This means that even if
one knew and had the list of the alleged curative herbs, he would not
necessarly be able to become a practicing witchdoctor.
More fascinating is the belief
witchdoctors have been able to implant into the minds of many that the healing
power of the plant loses its curative and healing vertues should the secret
(that is, the name) of the plant and its reputed use, be disclosed. The
informant is also thought to be subject to misfortune and bad luck and a life
full of uncertainty. This has meant that a witchdoctor will be hesitant to pass
on his knowledge and, as a rule, will not pass on his knowledge of medicine to
anyone except his offspring, and even then only as he nears death. In medicine,
it is the first-born son that is entrusted with the secrets. If he is found
unworthy of the trust and is believed to talk too freely and is generally
careless about his ways, then another member of the family is considered. At
any rate, whoever merits the honor, is sworn to keep the secret with due care
throughout his life and only pass it on in a similar manner. Having given his
solemn oath, he is then taken to all the places, near and far, where the plants
are known to grow. Should this not be possible, he is given verbal directions
and descriptions of the plants and their localities. Thus at each point or act
of transfer, secrecy becomes more and more binding and cloaked in mystery. As
with the herbalists of sixteenth century Europe, bizzarre stories, legends and
beliefs developed in Ethiopia; astrological implications became common place
and were incorporated quite freely as part of the cure. The gathering of the
medicinal herbs, their preparation and administratlonto the patient is still
astrologically determined in many cases. Advocating or implementing such
practices as the wearing of a certain grass around one's neck to dispel
meningitis, or applying lard from a snake to an infected organ as a cure
against elephantiasis are semingly unfounded practices.
Medicinal plants used in traditional medicine by Oromo people,
Ghimbi District, Southwest Ethiopia
Background
Ethiopia is one of the six centres of biodiversity in the world
with several topographies, climatic conditions and various ethnic cultures.
Ethnobotanical study is a real and encourageable in rich biological resource
areas for medicinal plant identification, documentation, ranking, conservation
and sustainable usages. The purpose of this study was to identify the most
effective medicinal plants for specific treatment through priority ranking and
to assess the status of the transfer of Traditional Botanical Knowledge (TBK)
based on age groups and educational levels.
Methodology
Ethnobotanical data were collected using field observation and
semi-structured interview, A total of 30 key informants and 165 community
members were interviewed and data on medicinal plant species and associated
knowledge were recorded, quantified and verified using several preference
ranking methods.
Results
The study revealed a total of 49 medicinal
plant species (belonging to 31 families and 46 genera) used to treat various
human ailments, the majority of which 40 (81.6%) species were collected from
wild while the rests from home garden. Herbs constituted the largest growth
habit (18 species, 37%) followed by trees (16 species, 32%) and shrubs (15
species, 31%). Leaf `17 (35%) is the plant part widely used followed by root 13
(27%), leafy-stem 5 (10%), and seed 6 (12%). Oral administration was the
dominant route (63%), followed by dermal route (22%) and nasal (11%). The
highest number of plant species being used for infectious (48%) followed by two
or more diseases and non-infectious disease. Of five and seven medicinal plants
of preference ranking the highest ranks were given first for Croton macrostaychus used for malaria treatment and for Prunus africana as ‘’rare” for immediate collection and use
in the traditional treatment. Significantly higher average number of medicinal
plants (p < 0.05) were reported by informants of higher institution
(14.3 ± 34) and adult age groups (11.6 ± 43).
Conclusion
The Ghimbi people possess rich ethno-medicinal knowledge. This
study can be used as a basis for developing management plans for conservation,
sustainable use and drug development.
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Traditional medicinal plant knowledge and use by local healers
in Sekoru District, Jimma Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia
Abstract
The
knowledge and use of medicinal plant species by traditional healers was
investigated in Sekoru District, Jimma Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia from
December 2005 to November 2006. Traditional healers of the study area were
selected randomly and interviewed with the help of translators to gather
information on the knowledge and use of medicinal plants used as a remedy for
human ailments in the study area. In the current study, it was reported that 27
plant species belonging to 27 genera and 18 families were commonly used to
treat various human ailments. Most of these species (85.71%) were wild and
harvested mainly for their leaves (64.52%). The most cited ethnomedicinal plant
species was Alysicarpus quartinianus A. Rich., whose roots and leaves were
reported by traditional healers to be crushed in fresh and applied as a lotion
on the lesions of patients of Abiato (Shererit). No
significant correlation was observed between the age of traditional healers and
the number of species reported and the indigenous knowledge transfer was found
to be similar. More than one medicinal plant species were used more frequently
than the use of a single species for remedy preparations. Plant parts used for
remedy preparations showed significant difference with medicinal plant species
abundance in the study area.
Traditional medicine has remained as the most
affordable and easily accessible source of treatment in the primary healthcare
system of resource poor communities and the local therapy is the only means of
medical treatment for such communities.
In
Ethiopia, medicinal plants have been used as traditional medicine to treat
different human ailments by the local people from time immemorial. These
medicinal plants are estimated to be over 700 species [1] and most of them
are confined to the southwestern regions of the country[2].
There is
a high expectation of enormous traditional knowledge and use of medicinal plant
species in Ethiopia due to the existence of diverse cultures, languages and
beliefs among the people. However, since cultural systems are dynamic [3], the skills are
fragile and easily forgettable as most of the indigenous knowledge transfer in
the country is based on oral transmission [4]. To our
knowledge, there are no data regarding the traditional medicinal plant
knowledge and use by the local communities in Sekoru District, Southwestern
Ethiopia. Therefore, the current study was conducted to assess and document the
indigenous knowledge and use of medicinal plant species by traditional healers
to treat human ailments in the study area.
Spices,
condiments and
medicinal
plants in Ethiopia,
their
taxonomy and agricultural significance
P. C.M.
Jansen
From 1965 to
1977, ca 30 000 herbarium specimens (dried or preserved in spirits)
of Ethiopian
plants were collected from all over Ethiopia by staff of the Laboratory
of Plant
Taxonomy and Plant Geography of the Agricultural University at
Wageningen.
In 1967, E.
Westphal started a project to survey useful plants of Ethiopia. His
collections
and those of his successors showed that Ethiopia was remarkably rich in
useful
plants. He particularly studied the Ethiopian pulses (Westphal, 1974) and the
agricultural
systems in Ethiopia (Westphal, 1975). My study concentrated on spices,
condiments
and medicinal plants of Ethiopia.
This book is
based on the herbarium material to which I contributed about 7000
specimens in
the years 1975-1977, on observations in the field and on literature.
The method of
working and the arrangement of the text are similar to those in
Westphal's
book on pulses. To obtain a complete collection of all stages of growth of
the spices
and condiments, seed samples, collected mainly from markets from all
over
Ethiopia, were sown. The growing plants were studied and all relevant stages
were
collected and stored in the WAG herbarium (for the codes of herbaria
see p. 5). A
duplicate set of all specimens is stored in the ACD herbarium. At
Wageningen,
the samples were mainly grown in a greenhouse (a few in the open air)
and in
Ethiopia all samples were grown at Alemaya (alt. ca 2000 m) and a selected
group at
Melkassa (alt. ca 1500 m, garden of the Institute of Agricultural Research
near
Nazareth). So, plants from the same seed were grown in three habitats and it
was
hoped that
the plants would show their variability.
By careful
observations, comparisons and measurements of all material thus
obtained, a
detailed description could be made of each species.
An
ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Wonago Woreda,
SNNPR,
Ethiopia
Abstract
Background:
Medicinal plants are the integral part of the variety of cultures in Ethiopia
and have
been used
over many centuries. Hence, the aim of this study is to document the medicinal
plants
in the
natural vegetation and home gardens in Wonago Woreda, Gedeo Zone, Southern
Nations,
Nationalities
and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR).
Materials and
methods: Thirty healers were selected to collect data on management of
medicinal
plants using semi-structured interview, group discussion, and field
observation. The
distribution
of plant species in the study areas was surveyed, and preference ranking,
direct matrix
ranking,
priority ranking of factors and Informant consensus factor (ICF) were
calculated.
Results: The
informants categorized the vegetation into five community types based on plant
density and
associated landform: 'Raqqa', 'Hakka cadanaba', 'Mancchha', 'Bullukko', and
'Wodae
gido'. 155
plant species were collected from the natural vegetation and 65 plant species
from the
home gardens
('Gattae Oduma'). Seventy-two plant species were documented as having medicinal
value:
Sixty-five (71%) from natural vegetation and 27 (29%) from home gardens.
Forty-five (62%)
were used for
humans, 15(21%) for livestock and 13(18%) for treating both human and livestock
ailments: 35
(43.2%) were Shrubs, 28(34.5%) herbs, 17 (20.9%) trees and 1(1.2%) climbers.
The
root (35.8%)
was the most commonly used plant part. The category: malaria, fever and
headache
had the
highest 0.82 ICF. Agricultural expansion (24.4%) in the area was found to be
the main threat
for medicinal
plants followed by fire wood collection (18.8%). Peoples' culture and spiritual
beliefs
somehow
helped in the conservation of medicinal plants.
Conclusion:
Traditional healers still depend largely on naturally growing plant species and
the
important
medicinal plants are under threat. The documented medicinal plants can serve as
a basis
for further
studies on the regions medicinal plants knowledge and for future phytochemical
and
pharmacological
studies.
Journal of
Medicinal Plants Studies
Vol. 1 No. 4
2013 www.plantsjournal.com Page | 32
Ethnobotanical
Study of Traditional Medicinal Plants Used by Indigenous People of Gemad
District, Northern Ethiopia Ethnobotany
is the study of the interaction
between
plants and people, with a particular emphasis on traditional tribal cultures.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) about
65-80% of the
world’s population in developing countries depends essentially on plants for
their primary healthcare due to poverty and lack of
access to
modern medicine[1]
.About 80% of
the total population of Ethiopia is depending on traditional medicine to treat
different types of human ailments[2]
.
They use
their perceptions and experiences to categorize plant species indigenously and
local people over the past period take traditional
Medicine
Medicinal
plants in folk medicine system of Ethiopia
R. Hiranmai
Yadav
School of
Natural Resource Management and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture
and Environmental
Sciences,
P.O. Box #337, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. E-mail:
mayahiranbt@gmail.com.
Tel:
+251919231748.
Accepted 18
February, 2013
Folk medicine
encompasses the knowledge acquired by generations through indigenous methods of
treatment. It
comes from the herbal resources, animal and mineral parts which contribute to
the
treatment
system with beliefs. It comprises the knowledge of endemic herbs transferred
from one
generation to
the other as guarded secrets. There are magical and astrological influences
invoked in
this system
that forms an integral part of the treatment. The magicoreligious beliefs and
empirical
knowledge
from the natural environment and its effectiveness makes it friendlier giving a
widespread
use.
Approximately 80% of Ethiopia’s population relies on traditional medicine to
cure ailments. The
system is
said to be an outcome of African, Greek, Arabic and Hebrew traditions that
makes the system
unique.
Besides being environment friendly and sustainable it upholds the socio
cultural development
of the
society. The long isolated history of Ethiopia also adds to the development of
its unique
indigenous
pharmacopoeia.
Key words:
folk medicine, herbals, medicinal plants, socio economic aspect.
Last year, when I was hiking the northern mountains of
Ethiopia, I came across many native plants. For example the pretty famous and
widely used in the west aloe vera(eret in
Amharic). This succulent plant seems to have originated in Northern Africa and
from there was introduced to America, Europe, and Asia. In Ethiopia alone,
there are about 38 species of aloe which have traditionally been used in skin
and hair care products and also to form the basis of health drinks and tonics.
In rural parts of Ethiopia the fluid coming from the cut leaf is applied to
cuts and wounds to prevent infections and bring about healing. The gel is known
to cause drying of the skin and the dried and powdered roots, together with the
dried leaves of other species are applied for the treatment of a skin lesion
caused by the herpes infection.
These are only some uses of one widely known plant so imagine how many more Ethiopian plants can be found that are not listed in any database.
Most herbs in Ethiopia are regularly used in local medicine and are the first step, and often the only one, to treat illnesses for millions of Ethiopians.
All that herbal knowledge is at risk of being lost, first due to lack of documentation, and second because of the extinction of native plants. Climate change, soil degradation and intensive use of land to cultivate more profitable crops by foreign companies are primary the culprit of their disappearance.
Besides the fact that herbs are already in use to treat different ailments, there is a huge potential of discovering new uses for them, whether as herbal treatments or as pharmaceutical products. Many plants have never been experimented with in western medicine, and if they are lost they never will.
While I was researching this subject, I discovered that traditional Ethiopian medicine is not only practiced by Ethiopians in their country but also by those living abroad who brought with them the knowledge passed from generation to generation. There is an interesting article online by Dikla Danino and Zohar Amar about this happening in Israel: Little Ethiopia: An Ethno pharmacological Study of the Ethiopian Community in Israel .
These are only some uses of one widely known plant so imagine how many more Ethiopian plants can be found that are not listed in any database.
Most herbs in Ethiopia are regularly used in local medicine and are the first step, and often the only one, to treat illnesses for millions of Ethiopians.
All that herbal knowledge is at risk of being lost, first due to lack of documentation, and second because of the extinction of native plants. Climate change, soil degradation and intensive use of land to cultivate more profitable crops by foreign companies are primary the culprit of their disappearance.
Besides the fact that herbs are already in use to treat different ailments, there is a huge potential of discovering new uses for them, whether as herbal treatments or as pharmaceutical products. Many plants have never been experimented with in western medicine, and if they are lost they never will.
While I was researching this subject, I discovered that traditional Ethiopian medicine is not only practiced by Ethiopians in their country but also by those living abroad who brought with them the knowledge passed from generation to generation. There is an interesting article online by Dikla Danino and Zohar Amar about this happening in Israel: Little Ethiopia: An Ethno pharmacological Study of the Ethiopian Community in Israel .
Traditional
Use of Medicinal Plants By the Ethnic
Groups of
Gondar Zuria District, North-western Ethiopia
Abstract
The aim of
the study was to document informati on on medicinal plants and to describe the
traditi onal health care practi ces
of Gondar
Zuria district, North-west Ethiopia. Field trip was made in each village of the
district to collect ethnomedicinal
informati on
from the traditi onal healers by using semi-structured questi onnaire and fi
eld observati on. Forty-two plant
species
representi ng forty-one genera and thirty-one families were encountered during
the study. Results of the study were
analysed
using two quanti tati ve tools: informant consensus factor for the analysis of
general use of medicinal plants and
fi delity
level for calculati ng the most frequently occurring diseases for the
categories with the highest informant consensus
factor. The
result of the informant consensus factor showed that the general health
category had the greatest agreement
followed by
the respiratory, malarial, and gastrointesti nal categories. The present study
has documented curious ethno
medicinal
facts on the plant therapies currently uti lised in Gondar Zuriadistrict.
Evaluati on of the pharmacological acti vity
for the
promising medicinal plant is suggested.
The Role of Indigenous Medicinal Plants in Ethiopian
Healthcare
Introduction
In today's world of evidence-based medicine, the old system of traditional medicine has been scrutinized very closely, and rightly so, from the scientific angle in an attempt to render it more amenable to systematic investigation. In fact, looking back in time, modern medicine has benefited a lot from traditional medicine in that the latter had provided key leads emanating from folkloric uses of medicinal plants. A large array of modern pharmaceutical agents has been derived from such leads, which were eventually traced back to traditional uses of medicinal plants. Consequently, substances such as the antimalarial quinine, the decongestant pseudoephedrine, the pain killer codeine, just to name a few, were discovered as a result of ethnobotanical information obtained from traditional uses of plants, which are the natural "manufacturing houses" of these drugs. Plants continue to play a major role in providing prototype molecules for possible development into conventional drugs by the pharmaceutical industry. This article deals with the role played by medicinal plants in healthcare in Ethiopia against a backdrop of condensed history. It also provides synopses of select Ethiopian medicinal plants, and concludes by pointing out the future role that they can play as a source of enhanced herbal products.
Ethiopian Traditional and Herbal Medications and their
Interactions with Conventional Drugs
Methods
Author Alevtina Gall
discussed the use of traditional medicine by Ethiopian patients with Dr. J.
Carey Jackson, Medical Director of the International Medicine Clinic at
Harborview Medical Center, and with Zerihun Shenkute, co-author of this
article and pharmacist at Harborview. Zerihun Shenkute contributed
information based on professional knowledge of pharmacy and Western
medicine, experience as a pharmacist serving Ethiopian immigrant
patients, and firsthand cultural knowledge of
Ethiopian communities' traditional and herbal medicine practices.
Information was also obtained through a literature review that included studies
of patient-health care provider relationships and current scientific data
regarding chemical interactions of herbs and conventional drugs.
The first recorded
epidemic that occurred in Ethiopia dates back to 849 following the expulsion of
Abba Yohannes, the head of the Ethiopian church, from the land. The plague and
famine that ensued was perceived as God’s punishment for Yohannes’
misdeeds. In a terrified letter to Abba Yohannes, the Ethiopian emperor
wrote that “great tribulations have come upon our land, and all our men are
dying of the plague and all of our beasts and cattle have perished” (Pankhurst,
1990).
It is impossible to
pinpoint the birth of medicine in Ethiopia, but certainly the evolution of
curative practices closely follows the path of a disease. Traditional medical
practitioners mostly implement herbs, spiritual healing, bone-setting and minor
surgical procedures in treating disease. Ethiopian traditional medicine is
vastly complex and diverse and varies greatly among different ethnic groups.
Most traditional medical practices in Ethiopia rely on an explanation of
disease that draws on both the “mystical” and “natural” causes of an illness
and employ a holistic approach to treatment (Bishaw, 1991).
ETHNOBOTANICAL
STUDY OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS IN
GINDEBERET
DISTRICT, WESTERN ETHIOPIA
Ethiopia, is
a country characterized by a wide range of climate and ecological conditions,
possesses
enormous
diversity of fauna and flora. Semi-structured interviewees, observation and
guided field walks with informants
were employed
to obtain ethnobotanical data in Gindeberet district, western Ethiopia. A total
of 120 informants (84
males and 36
females) were selected purposefully from six sub districts. A total of 26
species of medicinal plants were
collected and
identified for treating 36 human ailments. The medicinal plant preparations
were administered through
oral, dermal
and nasal routes. Oral application (33 preparations, 67.3%) was the highest and
most commonly used
route of
application followed by dermal application (15 preparations, 30.6%). The most
commonly used plant parts for
herbal
preparations were leaves (28%) and roots (28%) followed by barks (14%) and
fruits (14%). Gindeberet
district is
rich in its medicinal plant composition and the associated indigenous
knowledge. Encouraging the local herbal
medicinal
practitioners to enhance the use of traditional medicine and licensing the work
of the practitioners are
recommended.
Healing Agriculture: Medicinal Plants in the
Semien Mountains of Ethiopia
Contributed
by Morgan Ruelle
Subsistence
farmers in the Semien Mountains of Ethiopia maintain a rich legacy of plant
diversity, including many plants they know how to use as medicine. These
farming communities are encountering a number of complex changes, including
population growth, new road construction and local effects of global climate
change. Favorable market prices induce farmers to increase production of a few
cash crops, often decreasing crop diversity and increasing the amount of land
under permanent cultivation. As land use changes, medicinal plants may be
eliminated from the landscape, thereby diminishing important local health care
options.
Medicinal
plants potential and use by pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Erer
Valley of Babile Wereda, Eastern Ethiopia
Background:
Ethiopian plants have shown remarkably effective medicinal values for many
human and livestock
ailments.
Some research results are found on medicinal plants of the south, south west,
central, north and north
western parts
of Ethiopia. However, there is lack of data that quantitatively assesses the
resource potential and the
indigenous
knowledge on use and management of medicinal plants in eastern Ethiopia. The
main thrust of the
present
ethnobotanical study centres around the potential and use of traditional
medicinal plants by pastoral and
agro-pastoral
communities in Babile Wereda (district) of eastern Ethiopia. The results can be
used for setting up of
conservation
priorities, preservation of local biocultural knowledge with sustainable use
and development of the
resource.
Materials and
methods: Fifty systematically selected informants including fifteen traditional
herbalists
(as key
informants) participated in the study. Semi-structured interviews, discussions
and guided field walk
constituted
the main data collection methods. Techniques of preference ranking, factor of
informant consensus and
Spearman rank
correlation test were employed in data analysis. Medicinal plant specimens were
collected,
identified
and kept at the National Herbarium (ETH) of Addis Ababa University and Haramaya
University Herbarium.
Results:
Fifty-one traditional medicinal plant species in 39 genera and 28 families were
recorded, constituting 37%
shrubs, 29%
trees, 26% herbs, 6% climbers and 2% root parasites. Leaves contributed to
35.3% of the preparations,
roots (18.8%)
and lower proportions for other parts. Formulations recorded added to 133 remedies
for 54 human
ailments, in
addition to some used in vector control. The majority of remedies were the
juice of single species,
mixtures
being generally infrequent. Aloe pirottae, Azadirachta indica and Hydnora
johannis were the most cited and
preferred
species. Aloe pirottae, a species endemic to Ethiopia, is valued as a remedy
for malaria, tropical ulcer,
gastro-intestinal
parasites, gallstone, eye diseases and snake bite. The jel extracted from dried
and ground plant
material,
called SIBRI (Oromo language), was acclaimed as a cleaner of the human colon.
Concoction made from
leaf, seed
and flower of Azadirachta indica was given for treatment of malaria, fungal
infections and intestinal
worms. Root
preparations from Hydnora johannis were prescribed as remedy for diarrhoea,
haemorrhage, wound
and painful
body swelling, locally called GOFLA (Oromo language).
Conclusions:
The study documented many well known and effective medicinal species of
relevance for human
healthcare,
including for the treatment of malaria which is rampant in the area as it is in
many parts of Ethiopia.
This
underscores the importance of the traditional medicinal plants for the people
living in the area and the
potential of
the resource for development. Consequently, the study area deserves urgent
conservation priority
coupled with
mechanisms for the protection of the associated indigenous medical lore as well
as development and
effective use
of the medicinal plant resource.
thiopia: Medicinal plants potential
and use by pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Erer Valley of Babile
Wereda, Eastern Ethiopia
Ethiopian
plants have shown remarkably effective medicinal values for many human and
livestock ailments. Some research results are found on medicinal plants of the
south, south west, central, north and north western parts of Ethiopia.
However, there is lack of data that quantitatively assesses the
resource potential and the indigenous knowledge on use and management of
medicinal plants in eastern Ethiopia. The main thrust of the present
ethnobotanical study centres around the potential and use of traditional
medicinal plants by pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Babile Wereda
(district) of eastern Ethiopia.
The results will be used for setting up of conservation
priorities, preservation of local biocultural knowledge with sustainable use
and development of the resource. Materials and methodsFifty systematically
selected informants including fifteen traditional herbalists (as key
informants) participated in the study. Semi-structured interviews, discussions
and guided field walk constituted the main data collection methods.
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Traditional Ethiopian Knowledge of Medicine and
Surgery: An Introduction of Sources
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Traditional Ethiopian Knowledge of Medicine and Surgery: An
Introduction of Sources
(Richard Pankhurst, Addis Ababa University)
Ethiopia comprises lands of
varying altitudes and climates. It has a variety of vegetation, including
medicinal plants, in close geographical proximity.
Ethiopians, in their long history, discovered the medicinal properties of many plants. Medical practitioners of the northern and central provinces had the advantage of recording the information for future generations. Such written data can be supplemented by the observations of foreign travellers, who preserved much information about Ethiopia's medical traditions. Ethiopian medical traditions have also been studied, in the twentieth century, by many scholars from various disciplines: history, linguistics, social anthropology, botany, and medicine. Ethiopian Medicinal Texts |
Hepatoprotective
activities of two Ethiopian medicinal Plants
The present
study evaluated the in vivo hepatoprotective activity of two medicinal plants,
namely, Justicia
schimperiana
(Hochst. ex Nees) (Acanthaceae) and Verbascum sinaiticum Benth.
(Scrophulariaceae) used
in Ethiopian
traditional medical practices for the treatment of liver diseases. The levels
of hepatic marker
enzymes,
alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline
phosphatase
(ALP) were
used to assess their hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride
(CCl4
)-induced hepatotoxicity
in Swiss albino mice. The results revealed that pretreating mice with the
hydro-alcoholic
extracts of
both plants significantly suppressed the plasma AST ((P<0.01) J.
schimperiana; (P<0.05)
V.
Sinaiticum) and ALT ((P<0.05) J. schimperiana) activity when compared with
the CCl4
intoxicated control. Among the Soxhlet
extracts of each of the plants, the methanol extract of J. schimperiana showed
significant
hepatoprotective activity. Further fractionation of this extract using solid
phase extraction and
testing them
for bioactivity indicated that the fractions did not significantly reverse
liver toxicity caused
by CCl4 .
However, the percentage hepatoprotection of the distilled water fraction was
comparable with
that of the
standard drug silymarin at the same dose (50mg/kg) as evidenced by biochemical
parameters.
Histopathological
studies also supported these results. In vitro DPPH assay conducted on the
water
fraction of
J. schimperiana and the Soxhlet methanol fraction of V. sinaiticum showed that
they possess
moderate
radical scavenging activity (IC50=51.2 and 41.7 μg/mL, respectively) which led
to the conclusion
that the
hepatoprotective activity of the plants could be in part through their
antioxidant action.
Ethnobotanical
study of medicinal plants in Kafficho people, southwestern Ethiopia
Tesfaye Awas1
and Sebsebe Demissew2
*
Ethnobotanical
study of medicinal plants used by Kafficho people was carried out in Kafa
zone,
Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s Regional States in Southwestern
Ethiopia.
Kafficho are the dominant indigenous people living in the zone. Their language
is
Kaffinono,
which belongs to Omotic language family. Inquiries were made regarding the
local names
of medicinal plants and the disease treated. Informants were asked to rank
medicinal
plants used to cure a specific aliments.
Traditional
medicine is used throughout the world as it is dependent on locally available
plants, which
are easily accessible, and capitalizes on traditional wisdom-repository of
knowledge,
simple to use and affordable. These medical systems are heavily dependent
on various
plant species and plant based products. The current account of medicinal
plants of
Ethiopia, as documented for National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan by
Tesema Tanto
et al. (2002), shows that about 887 plant species were reported to be
utilized in
the traditional medicine. Among these, about 26 species are endemic and
they are
becoming increasingly rare and are at the verge of extinction. Equally
threatened is
the knowledge base on which the traditional medicinal system is based, as
the
ethnobotanical information is not documented and remains in the memory of
elderly
practitioners.
Therefore, detailed information on the medicinal plants of Ethiopia could
only be
obtained when studies are undertaken in the various parts of the country where
little or no
botanical and ethnobotanical explorations have been made.
Ethnobotany
tries to find out how people have traditionally used plants, for whatever
purposes, and
how they are still doing so (den Eynden et al., 1992). Thus, ethnobotany
tries to
preserve valuable traditional knowledge for both future generations and other
communities.
Recently, the subject has adopted a much more scientific and quantitative
methodology
and has studied the ways in which people manage their environment
(Phillips and
Gentry, 1993a, b; Martin, 1995; Cotton, 1996; Höft et al., 1999).
Quantitative
methods and species use values enable comparisons of use between
vegetation
types or ecological zones, between people of different ages, gender or
occupation
within or between communities (Höft et al., 1999, Cunningham, 2001).
Assessment of
indigenous knowledge of medicinal
plants in
Central Zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
Gidey Yirga
Biology
Department, Mekelle University P. O. Box 3072, Mekelle Ethiopia. E-mail:
gidey1998ec@yahoo.com. Tel: +251-
914-750373.
Accepted 13
November 2009
This research
was initiated to document indigenous knowledge associated with traditional
medicinal
plants;
specifically to identify the plant parts used for medicinal purposes and
investigate plant species
that are used
as medicines for the treatment of human health problems. Twelve traditional
healers in
the study
area were interviewed to gather information on the knowledge and use of
medicinal plants
used as a
remedy for human ailments. The study reported that 16 plant species were
commonly used to
treat various
human ailments. Most of these species (68.75%) were wild and harvested mainly
for their
leaves and
the remedies were administered through oral and dermal. The indigenous
knowledge
transfer was
found to be different. Some traditional healers transfer their indigenous
knowledge while
others kept
the knowledge with them for the sake of secrecy. Most of the traditional
healers were found
to have poor
knowledge on the dosage and antidote while prescribing remedies to their
patients. More
than one
medicinal plant species were used more frequently than the use of a single
species for remedy
preparations.
An
Ethnobotanical Study
of Medicinal
Plants in
Amaro Woreda,
Ethiopia
Fisseha
Mesfin, Talemos Seta, and Abreham Assefa
An
ethnobotanical study was conducted in Amaro Woreda,
Southern
Nations, Nationalities, and People’s Region
(SNNPR),
Ethiopia, with an objective to (1) document indigenous
knowledge of
the people on the use of medicinal
plants and
(2) investigate plant species that are used
as medicines
for the treatment of human health problems,
thereby
identifying indigenous knowledge for the conservation
of biological
and cultural diversities and threatening
factors on
plant species. Plant and ethnobotanical information
were
collected from selected areas of the woreda.
A total of 17
traditional healers, most of them aged
from 28 to 70
years were selected, and information was
collected
through questionnaires and personal interviews
during field
trips in the Korre ethnic group from August to
December
2012. Descriptive analysis was performed for
the data
collected. A total of 56 medicinal plant species
were reported
by traditional healers of the Korre ethnic
group,
representing 52 genera and 31 families. The majority
of plants
recorded (77%) were wild. Of the plants,
38% were
herbs and 34% shrubs. Thirty-one human ailments
were
identified by the traditional healers of the
study area.
Leaves constituted 33% of the total uses followed
by roots
(27%). Fifty-seven percent of the healer
remedies were
applied orally while 23% were applied on
the skin. The
plants recorded from Korre group were the
ones with the
highest fidelity level (FL) values. Conservation
priority
should be given for identified threatened medicinal
plants,
promoting in situ and ex situ conservation.
Medicinal
plants – guidelines to promote patient safety and plant conservation for a US$
60 billion industry
WHO issues new recommendations for ginseng,
echinacea and other medicinal plants
10 FEBRUARY 2004 | GENEVA - The World Health Organization (WHO) today releases guidelines for
good agricultural and collection practices for medicinal plants - an industry
estimated worth more than US$ 60 billion. The guidelines are intended for
national governments to ensure production of herbal medicines is of good
quality, safe, sustainable and poses no threat to either people or the
environment.
Herbal medicines could be the natural answer to some ailments and
can often be readily available. For these reasons, they are growing in
popularity in wealthy countries and their use remains widespread in developing
regions.
Antimycobacterial
Activities of Selected Ethiopian Traditional
Medicinal
plants used for treatment of symptoms of
Tuberculosis
Yonas Eshetu
Gizachew1
, Mirutse
Giday2 and Tilahun Teklehaymanot2
1Department
of Animal production and ecotourism, College of Agriculture, Aksum University
2Aklilu Lemma
Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University
Accepted 25
October, 2013
Tuberculosis
(TB) is serious infectious diseases affecting many people across the world
particularly sub-Saharan
Africans.
Ethiopia is ranked 7th among TB burden shouldering countries in the world.
Conventional
chemotherapeutic
control approach has faced serious, flourishing drug resistance strains.
Traditional herbal
remedies have
endeavored to supplement or replace ineffective drugs. This study determined
the
antimycobacterial
activity of selected Ethiopian medicinal plants traditionally used to treat TB.
Leaf of Ocimum
lamiifolum,
Clausena antisata and Myrsine africana were collected, air dried and extracted
with distilled water and
absolute
methanol (MeOH). The crude aqueous and MeOH crude extracts of the plants were
tested against
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis H37Rv strain and M. bovis (SB 1176). Broth micro-dilution method
(BMM) was used to
determine the
anti-mycobacterial activities and minimum inhibitory concentration of the plant
extracts. MeOH and
aqueous crude
extracts of O. lamiifolum, C. antisata and M. africana have demonstrated
promising activity against
at least one
species of two Mycobacterium species. Both MeOH and aqueous crude extracts of
M. africana were
active
against both species. Antimycobacterial activity was documented within
inclusive MIC range of 400-
1600µg/m for
the extracts of three plant species. The plant extracts have anti-mycobacterial
activities pin pointing
scientific
ground for ethnomedicinal use of the plants against TB. This finding could
serve as baseline information
for further
antimycobacterial agent study of these plants. Future studies ought to assess
the exact chemicals
involved and
identify, if any toxicity. There will also be way to encourage the traditional
use of the plant against TB
after further
research.
Invitro
Antibacterial Screening of Extracts from Selected Ethiopian Medicinal
Plants
Indigenous
knowledge, literature reports and ethnobotanical records suggest that plants
are the
basis for
medicines. They constitute natural source of antimicrobial drugs that will
provide novel
or lead
compounds for the fight against disease. In this study, the antimicrobial
activity of three
selected
Ethiopian medicinal plants was studied with the objective of screening their
antibacterial
activity. The
fruits of Measalanceolata, aerial part of Cissus quadrangularis and leaf of
Dodonae
angustifolia were collected, air dried under shed, powdered and soaked in 80%
methanol and
extracted. In vitro antibacterial activity of the extracts was tested at
different
concentrations
by using agar disc diffusion method and measuring the zone of inhibition. The
plant
extracts showed broad spectrum activity against gram positive (S. aureus) as
well as gram
negative (E.
coli) bacteria, except Cissus quadrangularis which did not show any activity
against
E. coli.
Furthermore, the plant extracts had also concentration dependant zone of
inhibition
against the
tested bacteria. In fact, the highest activity was obtained for Dodonae
angustifolia at
1000mg/ml
against S. aureus. The activities are attributed to the presence of some
secondary
metabolites
present in the tested plants which have been associated with antibacterial
activities.
This finding
suggests that these medicinal plants can be potential source to isolate
antibacterial
drugs.
An
ethno-veterinary botanical survey of medicinal
plants in
Kochore district of Gedeo Zone, Southern
Nations
Nationalities and Peoples Regional State
(SNNPRs),
Ethiopia
For many
years, different social and ethnic groups of Ethiopia, the use of
ethno-veterinary
practices to
treat and control livestock and human diseases is an old practice, particularly
the
marginal
districts where animal health services are still poor. However, this
traditionally
medicine
practices source of knowledge is not sufficiently documented, that hampers the
extensively
utilize, validation and evaluation tracks. This study was aimed to document the
ethnoveterinary
knowledge and practices used to treat and control of livestock and human
diseases in
Kochore district, SNNPRs, Ethiopia. A purposive sampling technique study was
carried out
using a semi-structured questionnaire and field observational to document
indigenous
knowledge of 23 traditional healers. Descriptive statistics were used to
analyze and
summarize the
ethno-botanical data. Forty plants, which have medicinal value against a total
of
29 livestock
and animal diseases, were reported and botanically identified as belonging to
various 26
plant families. Most of the plant species reported to belong to one of nine
major
families: So
lanaceae (11.76%), Fabaceae (9.80%), Asteraceae (9.80%), Lobeliaceae (7.84%),
Lamiaceae
(7.84%), Euphorbiace (7.84%), Simaroubaceae (3.92%), Rutaceae (3.92%) and
Rubiaceae
(3.92%). Woody plants (trees 30% and shrubs 27.5 %) and herbaceous 27.5% were
the major
growth habit used, whilst leaves (62.5 %) were the major plant parts used in
the study
areas. The
informants mostly practice oral drenching of plant technique preparations
(64.7%).
Out of the
total 40 ethno-veterinary medicinal plant species were identified and
documented in
the study
area 67.5% predominantly used to livestock aliments treatment followed by 27.5%
and 5% for
livestock and human (both) and human aliments treatment respectively. The
distribution
of healers indicated that the majority were in the range of 46- 60 years of age
(91.3%,
elders) and 8.7% between 30 and 45 years old. Majority of informants accounting
for
82.6% were
males, and the remaining 17.4% were females. This study revealed that
traditional
medicine is,
playing a significant contribution in obtaining the first aid healthcare needs
of the
Kochore
district community. The acceptance and continuation of this practice are due to
the
limited
access to modern healthcare facilities, as main factors. Documentation of the
traditional
uses of
medicinal plants is an urgent matter and important to preserve the knowledge,
and can
be used to
support the country’s livestock and human health care system and improve lives
and
livelihoods.
Insecticidal
Activity of Some Traditionally Used Ethiopian Medicinal Plants against Sheep
Ked Melophagus ovinus
Twelve medicinal plants and a commercially used drug
Ivermectin were examined for insecticidal activity against Melophagus ovinus sheep ked at different time intervals
using in vitro adult immersion test. The findings
show that at 3.13 µL/mL, 6.25 µL/mL
and 12.5 µL/mL concentration of Cymbopogon citratus,Foeniculum vulgare and Eucalyptus
globulus essential
oils respectively, recorded 100% mortalities against M. ovinus within 3 hour of
exposure. Significantly higher insecticidal activity of essential oils was
recorded () when compared to 10 μg/mL
Ivermectin after 3-hour exposure of M.
ovinus at a
concentration of ≥1.57 μL/mL, ≥3 μL/mL, and ≥12.7 μL/mL
essential oils of C.
citratus, F.
vulgare, and E.
globulus, respectively. Among essential oils, C. citratus has showed superior potency at a
three-hour exposure of the parasite () at a concentration of ≥0.78 μL/mL.
Strong antiparasitic activity was recorded by aqueous extract of Calpurnia aurea (80% mortality) at a concentration of
200 mg/mL within 24 h among aqueous extracts of 9 medicinal plants. The results
indicated all the four medicinal plants, particularly those tested essential
oils, can be considered as potential candidates for biocontrol of M. ovinus sheep ked.
Medicinal Plants to Improve Animal Health
Sidama
Traditional
Medicinal
Plants:
An
ethnobotanical study from southwestern
Ethiopia
Summary
Small-holder farmers in poor countries like
Ethiopia have for many generations used medicinal plants to try to control
livestock endo- and ectoparasites, often because they simply can not afford
chemical drugs. This project brings together Ethiopian traditional healers with
SRUC and Hawassa University researchers to promote informed use of plants to
control parasites through systematically obtaining scientific evidence on
anti-parasitic efficacy of Ethiopian plants. This provides countries like
Ethiopia with knowledge to optimise using their own natural resources to
control animal parasites.
Journal of
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Vol. 2 No. 1 2013 www.phytojournal.com Page |
284
Medicinal
Plants Biodiversity and Local Healthcare Management System in Chencha District;
Gamo Gofa,
Ethiopia
Since the
time of immemorial, plants were used for multiple socio-cultural and economic
uses. Medicinal use is one
of the
services that plants provide for human welfare. The practice of traditional
medicine is common in Ethiopia
although it
is not utterly studies and documented. So, the aim of this study is to conduct
an ethnobotanical survey of
medicinal
plants used for treatment of human and livestock health problems in Chencha
district. For that reason, a
cross
sectional study and systematic sampling technique was employed to select
possible sampling sites and
medicinal
practitioners. A total of 9 sampling sites were selected, and a total of 17
informants were selected and
interviewed.
Ethnobotanical data was gathered using semi-structured interview, group
discussion and field
observation,
and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient,
informants’ consensus and
fidelity
level index. A total of 89 medicinal plant species, used to treat human and
livestock health problems, are
discovered.
Of these, nearly 42 species (47%) are harvested from only ex-situ while 19
species (21%) are harvested
from in-situ,
and the rest 28 species (32%) are gathered from both in-situ and ex-situ. On
the other hand, about 64
species (72%)
are found to be herbs, 16 species (18%) shrubs, 8 species (9%) trees and 1
succulent species. With
regards to
plant parts, leaves share the largest proportion with 44% followed by roots with
16%. Amongst several
remedies,
concoction forms account for 30% followed by infusion (21%). The majority of
plant remedies (67%) are
found to be
administered via oral, followed by dermal (25%) and nasal (8%). On the other
hand, the average
informants’
consensus factor calculated (µICF=0.64) shows the presence of high
intra-cultural uniformity amongst
practitioners
in using plants for multiple purposes. However, Pearson correlation coefficient
analysis (r= -950,
p=0.05)
depicts the existence of significant and inverse correlation between age range
and medicinal plant
knowledge
amongst informants.
“Due to deforestation some of the medicinal plants are already
lost some are on the verge of extinction”
http://www.ethpress.gov.et/herald/index.php/herald/herald-guest/3905-due-to-deforestation-some-of-the-medicinal-plants-are-already-lost-some-are-on-the-verge-of-extinction
Wild-food
Plants in Southern Ethiopia:
Reflections on the role of ‘famine-foods’ at a time of drought
Introduction and
background
03/2000
For
many years the importance of wild plants in subsistence agriculture in the
developing world as a food supplement and as a means of survival during times
of drought and famine has been overlooked. Generally, the consumption of such
so-called ‘wild-food’ has been and still is being under-estimated. This may
very well be the case for Ethiopia, a so-called ‘biodiversity hot-spot’ and
known as a centre of origin for a significant number of food plants (Bell,
1995).
Rural
people of Ethiopia are endowed with a deep knowledge concerning the use of wild
plants. This is particularly true for the use of medicinal plants (Abebe and
Ayehu, 1993) but also for wild plants some of which are consumed at times of
drought, war and other hardship. Elders and other knowledgeable community
members are the key sources or ‘reservoirs’ of plant lore. Wild-food
consumption is still very common in rural areas of Ethiopia, particularly with
children. Among the most common wild plant fruits consumed by children are, for
example, fruits from Ficus
spp,Carissa edulis and Rosa abyssinica plant species.The consumption of wild plants seems more common and widespread in food insecure areas where a wide range of species are consumed. The linkage has given rise to the notion of ‘famine-foods’, plants consumed only at times of food stress and therefore an indicator of famine conditions. Local people know about the importance and the contribution of wild plants to their daily diet as well as being aware of possible health hazards such as stomach irritation occasionally occurring after consumption of certain wild plants.
Nevertheless, whereas the rich indigenous knowledge on the medicinal use of wild plants has been relatively well documented, research, particularly concerning the socio-economic, cultural, traditional, and nutritional aspects of wild-food plants still lacks adequate attention. In the case of Ethiopia little, if anything, has been systematically documented on this subject. This should raise even greater concern when looking at the frequency of recent famine events in the country and the extent to which subsistence agriculture is still the norm.
In parts of Southern Ethiopia the consumption of wild-food plants seems to be one of the important local survival strategies and appears to have intensified due to the repeated climatic shocks hampering agricultural production and leading to food shortages. Increased consumption of wild-foods enables people to cope better with erratic, untimely rains and drought for several consecutive years without facing severe food shortages, famine and general asset depletion as in other areas of Ethiopia (see also Mathys, 2000). The key to this strategy for survival is the collection and consumption of wild plants in uncultivated lowland areas such as bush, forest and pastoral land as well as the domestication of a great variety of these indigenous plants and trees for home consumption and medicinal use in the more densely populated and intensively used mid- and highlands. Southern Ethiopia, particularly Konso, Derashe and Burji special weredas and parts of SNNPR (Southern Nations, Nationalities & People’s Region) may still be considered part of these so-called biodiversity hot-spots in Ethiopia.
http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/famp0300.html
An Ethnobotanical study
of the Semi-wetland Vegetation of Cheffa
Bayafers Tamene1*,
Tamrat Bekele2
, Ensermu Kelbessa2
ABSTRACT: An
ethnoboatnical study was carried out in Cheffa plain, Ethiopia, between 20
November
1999 to 30 February
2000. Ethnobotanical data of wild plants were obtained from local key
informants,
mainly based on
semi-structured interviews. A total of 206 plant species distributed in 148
genera and 66
families were
documented. Of these 54 species are non-cultivated food plants, 83 medicinal,
38 forage, 39
cleansing, laundry,
toothbrush, fumigation and fragrance. The Cheffa people utilize 79 and 31
medicinal
plants for his and
ethnoveterinary use respectively. Habit of medicinal plants includes shrubs (38
species),
herbs (21), trees (13)
and climbers (11). The most frequently used plant parts are leaves (33
species).
Remedies are usually
prepared by pounding, crushing and squeezing juice (79.69%). The two major
route
of administrations are
oral (53.60%) and dermal (20.72%). Relict forest islands are traditional-
community
based in sit
conservation sites. Traditional community based in situ conservation should be
complemented
with ex situ conservation activities.
In vitro
antibacterial activity of four Ethiopian medicinal plants against some bacteria
of veterinary
and public health importance
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