Using
medicinal plants in Algeria
Since
the earliest times, the concern of man has been to satisfy his food needs
Thereby he developed
an intimate relationship with the environment surrounding him to heal, he
learned at his
expense to discern plant and animal resources necessary for his survival. The
man gave himself
up to the formidable learning of the medicinal properties of plants such
attempt cost him sometimes
the life, more fortunately saved him. In Algeria, collection of medicinal and
aromatic plants
to extract, after distillation, essential oils for the manufacture of
cosmetics, pharmaceuticals as
well as flavors for food products, is a virgin field. The distillation of
plants is sufficiently known, but
remains largely untapped, despite the availability in Algeria of large tracts
of forests and fields,
whose territory covers important plant resources distributed on the coasts,
plains, mountains,
steppes, the Sahara and around water points. We explain here the main uses of
this
soft
medicine in Algeria
Keywords:
Natural life, medicinal plants, Algerian territory, natural resource
Phytochemical
constituents of some Algerian medicinal plants
Chemical
compounds that occur naturally in plants, are responsible for color and
organolepticproperties. The term is generally
used to refer to those chemicals that may have biological significance but are
not established as essential nutrients.
Scientists estimate that there may be as many different phytochemicals having
the potential to affect diseases
such as cancer, stroke or metabolic syndrome[1]. For
centuries, plant and plant products have been used for treating various
illnesses. Today, several medicinal plants and
their products are still in use, being employed as home remedies, over the
counter drugs as well as raw materials for
the pharmaceutical industry and they represent a substantial proportion of the
global drug market [2]. Plants
belonging to the Labiatae family are rich in polyphenolic compounds and a large
number of them are well known
for their antioxidant properties[3,4].
The
plant family Lamiaceae Martinov (= LabiataeAdans., the mint family) has a
world-widedistribution and comprises
more than 7200 species across approximately 240 genera which areclassified in
seven subfamilies[5].Among
them:
Saccocalyxsatureioides
Coss.et Dur., called Zaater or Azir El-ibel[6] by locals It grows naturally on
the dunes of the predesertic
area [7]in the Ainsefra region of Naâma south western Algeria, with a
blossoming period in March. This medicinal
plant is used as an ingredient in numerous local traditional medicines and
mostly in the care of diabetes[8]. TeucriumpoliumL.
or Jaadah as it is known in west Algeria is a dwarf, pubescent, aromatic shrub
possessing oval leaves
with enrolled margins and dense heads of white flowers [9]. It is mainly
Mediterranean and west IranoTuranian
and
can be found in countries such as Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Egypt [10]
Antioxidant
and antimicrobial activities of selected medicinal plants from
Algeria
Objective:
To evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract
extracts of selected
Algerian medicinal plants. Methods:
Antioxidant activity of extracts was evaluated in terms of radical scavenging
potential
(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)
and β-carotene bleaching assay. Total phenolic contents and flavonoid
contents were also measured. Antimicrobial activity of these plants was
examined against
Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Candida
albicans.
Results:
The values of IC50 ranged from 4.30 μg/mL to 486.6 μg/mL for the DPPH method,
while total
antioxidant activity using β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay ranged from
17.03% to 86.13%.
It was found that Pistacia lentiscus showed the highest antioxidant capacities
using DPPH
assay
(IC50=4.30 μg/mL), while Populus trimula, Origanum glandulosum, Centaurea
calcitrapa,Sysimbrium
officinalis and Rhamnus alaternus showed the highest percent of total
antioxidant activity
in β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid
contents ranged
from
3.96 to 259.65 mg GAE/g extract and from 1.13 to 26.84 mg QE/g extract,
respectively. The most interesting
antimicrobial activity was obtained from Sysimbrium officinalis, Rhamnus
alaternus, Origanum glandulosum, Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus
halipensis and Centaurea calcitrapa.
Conclusions:
The results indicated that the plants tested may be potential sources for
isolation of natural
antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds.
Medicinal
Plants Extracts as Source of Antifungal Agents
against
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Albedinis
Fusarium
oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa) is a soil borne fungus causing the most serious
disease of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) called “Bayoud”. In the present study,
five medicinal plants from the Algerian Sahara (Southwest of Algeria): Limoniastrum
feei (aerial part, roots), Launeae arborescens (Batt.) Murb. (aerial part, roots),
Fredolia aretioides Moq. et Coss. (aerial part, roots), Asteriscus graveolens
(Forsk) (leaves,
stems) and Acacia raddiana (leaves, bark), were used to evaluate their extracts
for antifungal
activity against Foa. Two parts from each plant were used for extraction by four
solvents: methanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and hexane. The antifungal
test
was
conducted using disc diffusion technique and relative virulence (RV) test (on
potato tuber
tissue). For both tests, four extract quantities were used (200, 400, 800 and
1,600µg). The
relative virulence was presented as necrotic tissue weight (mg) of potato tuber
tissue. Among
all solvents, methanol had the best extraction yield (mean: 6.35%, minimum: 2.27%,
maximum: 9.80%). The highest frequency of antifungal effect on Foa was presented
by ethyl acetate extracts (32.50% of detectable effect). The best effect was
observed
for ethyl acetate extract of Limoniastrum feei (aerial part). The virulence
test showed
a decrease in RV up to 30% for ethyl acetate extract of Launea arborescens
aerial part.
The increase in RV was observed mostly for hexanic extract from Fredolia
aretioides reflecting
its high toxicity compared to the other extracts.
Eryngium
maritimum: A Rich Medicinal Plant of Polyphenols and Flavonoids
Compounds
with Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities
Abstract:
In this study Eryngium maritimum roots were collected from plants grown at
Tlemcen in west Algeria.
They were powdered and extracted why to assess, the one hand, total phenolic
and flavonoid content,
on
the other hand, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of
(methanol extract, acetone extract, ethyl acetate
fraction and butanol fraction). The results showed that the amount of total
phenolic and flavonoid
content
was higher in acetone extract (55.80±2.75 mg PE/g DW, 1.505±0.013 mg RE/g DW)
than methanol extract
(46.72±4.69 mg PE/g DW, 1.138±0.016 mg RE/g DW). Higher Free Radical Scavenging
and iron reducing
power of butanol extract was observed (0.0104±0.0004 and 0.1139±0.0112 mg/mL).
Results of antibacterial
activity showed that Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus
aureus and Bacillus cereus
were inhibited by all the extract. Thus, only methanol and butanol extract was
active against
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. Results showed that ethyl acetate extract revealed the strongest
activity against all the
test fungi specially, toward Aspergillus flavus (10 mm at 50 mg/mL).
Relative
importance of the exploitation of medicinal plants in traditional
medicine
in the Northeastern Sahara
The
objective of this study was to highlight the relative importance related to the
exploitation of medicinal plants
in the South East of Algeria. For this reason, the ethnobotanical survey was
conducted in a very
systematic
way, a record of 10 successive dwellings was collected within rural and urban
areas in both Ouargla and
Touggourt. This was followed by an analysis of results by the application of
some ecological clues. The
investigation
led to the identification of 65 species covering 36 families that treat several
diseases. On one hand,the
centesimal frequency of use is the highest in the rural area of Ouargla (QRO)
with 95.23% and in
descending
order for the species Artemisia herba alba Asso. (chih), Mentha spicata L. (naa
naa), Origanum vulgare
L. (zaatar) and Juniperus communis L. (aaraar), on the other hand. The four
classes of constancy are
present,
but the accidental species are very important in the four (04) districts. The
type of distribution calculated
for all species of medicinal plants in different areas showed a contagious
distribution. And the
application
of automatic classification showed that urban sites are very similar. In the
end, this approach has identified
the species and has reported the first results obtained by the ecological
analysis to better understand
the
exploitation of species in the studied area.
Etude ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales et
aromatiques dans le sud algérien : le Touat et le Tidikelt
Caract´erisation et variabilit´e des plantes `a parfum aromatiques
et m´edicinales de Corse et de l’Ouest
alg´erien
Activités antioxydantes des polyphenols extraits de
plantes médicinales
de la pharmacopée traditionnelle d’Algérie ABSTRACT:
Oxidative stress is responsible for several diseases. This phenomenal has moved
researchers into action in looking for
new remedies «antioxidants». In this context, the study of the antioxidant
activity of hydro-ethanolic extracts of eight
(08)
plants used in Algerian pharmacopoeia has been performed. These plants are from
Laghouat region ((Atlas Sahara). The extracts
from these eight plants were obtained by ultrasound assisted extraction. The
quantitative estimation of flavonoids,flavanones
and total phenols by the spectophotometric method showed that the eight
extracts contain these compounds. The
evaluation of antioxidant capacity by the method of free radical scavenging
test showed that all of the extracts have a
very
good reductive activity, especially for Arbutus undo extract which presented a
percentage of inhibition equal to 90% with
an EC50 estimated to 0.006 mg/ml. On the other hand, the FRAP test revealed
that the Zizyphus lotus extract has the best
reducing power than those of the other extracts, but it remains relatively low
compared to the ascorbic acid used as
positive control.
Deuxième rapport national sur l’état des ressources phytogénétiques
Pour survivre, ces plantes adoptent des stratégies de
défense envers les herbivores.Cette stratégie est soit mécanique,comme l'acacias et ses
épines très dures de plus de 8 cm de long, soit chimique, avec les plantes
toxiques comme l'euphorbe Sont indiqués le nom français, le nom scientifique et le
nom tamahaq, la langue locale des Touareg.
PLACE DES PLANTES SPONTANEES DANS LA
MEDICINE TRADITIONNELLE DE LA REGION DE OUARGLA
(SAHARA SEPTENTRIONAL EST)
Une enquête auprès de la population locale, a permis
d’inventorier 37 espèces dont, 27 ont pu être échantillonnées sur terrain. Les familles les plus importantes sont les
Composées (13,51%), les Graminées (10,81%), les Chénopodiacées (8,10 %) et les Labiées (8,10%). Les maladies dominantes sont, la
pathologie digestive (26,38%), les algies diverses (15,27), les
dermatoses (13,88 %), la pathologie broncho-pulmonaire et
les affections internes avec 12,50% chacune, la pathologie féminine et les piqûres de scorpion avec 9,72 % chacune.
L’administration orale, qui regroupe la majorité des modes de préparation : infusion, macération, décoction, tisane,
poudre interne est la plus préconisée. Les parties utilisées, sont
respectivement les feuilles, les tiges, les fruits, les
racines et les inflorescences.
Extraction, composition et propriétés
physico-chimiques de l'huile
essentielle du Géranium Rosat (Pelargonium
graveolens L.) cultivé dans
la plaine de Mitidja (Algérie).
Notre étude se veut une plaidoirie pour booster la
culture d’une plante aromatique et médicinale, le géranium rosat (Pelargonium
graveolens), largement répandue jadis en Algérie.
L’extraction de sa fraction aromatique offre de nouvelles perspectives en
aromathérapie
via la mise au point de nouvelles préparations galéniques
à visée thérapeutique.L’extraction des huiles essentielles de la plante,
accomplie par hydrodistillation juste après la floraison, a donné un rendement
de 0,2%
légèrement supérieur à celui des normes AFNOR (0,15%).
Des coupes microscopiques au niveau des tiges par la
technique de double coloration (vert de méthyle-rouge Congo) ont révélé la
présence
de structures sécrétrices superficielles (poils
glandulaires) à l’origine d’une cinétique rapide lors de l’extraction.Les résultats des analyses physico-chimiques de l’huile
essentielle sont en accord avec ceux des normes AFNOR. L’analyse de sacomposition chimique par chromatographie
gazeuse-spectrométrie de masse a permis de classer cette huile en « chémotype
citronellolcultivar Chine » reconnue pour sa richesse en citronellol,
formate de citronellyle, géraniol avec, respectivement, des taux de 33,2, 10,5
et 5,4%. De part sa composition chimique, cette huile
essentielle pourrait trouver moult utilisations en thérapeutique.
Mots-Clés : Géranium rosat, Pelargonium graveolens, Huile
essentielle, Mitidja, Citronellol, Géraniol.
EXTRACTION ET ETUDE DES HUILES ESSENTIELLES
DE LA SALVIA
OFFICINALIS.L CUEILLIE DANS DEUX REGIONS
DIFFERENTES DE
LA TUNISIE
ABSTRACT:
Extraction and a study of essential oils of Salvia officinalis from two different
regions in Tunisia. The
composition of the essential oils of the aerial parts of Salvia officinalis,
obtained by hydrodistillation,
collected from two areas in Tunisia, was analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID.
The
essential oils of the organic phase and those extracted from the aqueous phase,
obtained from
the two plants materials collected, have a different chemical composition. More
than 90% of
the total of components was detected. The main components are: α−thujone
(26,49%-
10,58%),
β-thujone
(13,09%-3,09%), 1,8-cineol (31,89%-8,58%), camphor (40,14%-2,10%), the
viridiflorol (18,96%-1,73%) and the caryophyllene (9,04%-0,5%). The chemotype of the
Salvia
officinalis studied is the α−thujone.
Composition chimique et activité
antimicrobienne des
huiles essentielles de Thymus algeriensis
Boiss. & Reut. et
Thymus ciliatus (Desf.) Benth. du Maroc
Antioxidant
potential of African medicinal plants
Considerable
evidence have accumulated to implicate
cellular
damage arising from reactive oxygen species
(ROS),
at least in part, in the etiology and
pathophysiology
of human diseases such as
neurodegenerative
disorders (e.g. Alzeimer disease,
Parkinson
disease, multiple schlerosis, Down’s
syndrome),
inflammation, viral infections, autoimmune
pathologies,
and digestive system disorders such as
gastrointestinal
inflammation and ulcer ( Reppeto and
Llesuy,
2002; Aruoma, 2003; Surh and Fergusson,
2003).
In living systems, free-radicals are generated as
part
of the body’s normal metabolic process, and the free
radical
chain reactions are usually produced in the
mitochondrial
respiratory chain, liver mixed function
oxidases,
by bacterial leucocytes, through xanthine
oxidase
activity, atmospheric pollutants, and from
transitional
metal catalysts, drugs and xenobiotics. In
addition,
chemical mobilization of fat stores under
various
conditions such as lactation, exercise, fever,
infection
and even fasting, can result in increased radical
activity
and damage, in particular, to the immune and
nervous
systems, while the stress hormones (adrenalin
and
noradrenalin) secreted by the adrenal glands under
conditions
of continuing and excessive emotional stress,
are
metabolised into simpler, albeit, free radical
molecules.
Antimicrobial activity of nine medicinal plants growing in the
south
of Algeria
Methanolic
and aqueous extracts of nine Algerian plant species used in folk medicine were investigated
for their antimicrobial activities against five bacteria strains:
Staphylococcus aureus,
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Enterobacter
aerogenes
and one fungus: Candida albicans . The plants exhibited important antimicrobial activity
with a significant difference between the different plants. The most active
plants were Tamarix
gallica, Rhetinolepis sp and Muscari Comosun. Most of the tested plant extracts
were active
against Candida albicans. Of all extracts, the Methanolic extract of
Rhetinolepis sp was
the
most active (diameter ranges between 15mm and 22mm) whereas, the aqueous
extract of Tamarix
Gallica was the most active of all tested aqueous extracts (Diameter ranges
between 10
mm
and 17 mm).
Antibacterial, antioxidant and acute toxicity tests on
flavonoids extracted from some medicinal plants
Flavonoids are well-known for their many
therapeutic and pharmaceutical effects. In this study, we tested the
antibacterial activity
of 11 flavonoids extracted from some medicinal
plants by the agar diffusion method. Then, we measured their antioxidant
activity using
the DPPH (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical
assay and we also tested their acute toxicity effect on mice.
The results showed that apigenin-7-O-glucoside
was more active against the Gram-positive bacteria and quercetin was more
active against the
Gram-negative ones. Also, quercetin and diosmin
showed the best antioxidant activity. Quercetin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside,
luteolin-7-O-glucoside
and luteolin-3'-O-glucuronide gave the best acute
toxicity values. It can be concluded that quercetin was the most interesting
compound
for all the tested activities. Also, we observed
that the presence or the absence of substitutions in flavonoids influenced
significantly the results obtained, whereas the substitution type had a low
impact.
Phytotherapy of Diabetes in West Algeria
Medicinal plants have been used since remote
times in
folk medicine and they are now a part of the
people inheritage.
Through North African countries, todays folk
medicine has been
boosted as a consequence of hard economic
conditions. Because
of its geographical situation, climate and soil
composition,
Tlemcen's region offers a wide variety of plants
and flowers.
The frequent usage of medicinal plants in the
Tlemcen's
region by diabetics prompted us in development of
these
plants. This induced us to set up traditional
hypoglycaemic
plants sample survey with a view to setting forth
the benefit
they could bring about for patients affected by
diabetes. The
results gathered from 634 inquiry forms (435
women and
199 men) were separated into two groups:
diabetics using
medicinal plants (62 %) and using industrial
hypoglycaemic
medicines (38 %). Those results showed that
phytotherapy
was widely adopted by west Algerian society. The
survey
undertaken allowed us to observe that more than
58 plants
were used in traditional care of diabetes of
which the most
used were Trigonella foenum graecum L.
(Leguminosae),
Citrullus colocynthis L. Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae),
Saccocalyx
satureioïdes Coss. and Dur. (Labiatae), Berberis
vulgaris L.
(Berberidaceae) and Aloe vera Trabut (Liliaceae).
Moreover,
present findings showed that non-insulin
dependent patients
used more medicinal plants than insulin-dependent
patients.
Some
medicinal plants of Arabian Pennisula
Many
nations of the world have traditional medicine. Arabs were the first to distil
alcohol. The existence and
use of plants to treat human diseases is as old as man. Some plants have
opportunity, either to be or
of being transferred from their original natural environment to another. To
determine whether
traditional
medicines were available for the treatment of diseases in Arabian Pennisula, a
literature review
of the plants used by Arabs was completed which led to identification of about
150 medicinal plants
used in the treatment of human diseases in the Pennisula. Some of the listed
plants are already
available
in Nigeria perhaps as a result of interaction between Arabs/Jews from Middle
East and ArabBarbas,
Tuaregs,
Fulanis and Hausas in Africa through trans Sahara trade and pilgrimages.
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