Medicinal, and aromatic plants in Sudan
Sudan is the
largest country in Africa with an area of 2 496 138 km2. It lies
between latitudes 3º N and 23º N and longitudes 21º E and 39º E. It has common
boundaries with nine countries: Egypt, Libya, Chad, Central Africa, Zaire,
Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia and Eritrea.The climate of Sudan ranges from completely arid to tropical zones with a wide range of bioclimatic regions, from the almost barren deserts in the North to the tropical rain forests in the extreme South of the country. The diversity of the climate of Sudan is responsible for its very rich flora. Research on medicinal and aromatic plants began a long time ago, but this was carried out in a scattered and unstructured fashion until the establishment of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute (MAPRI) in 1972.
The medicinal and aromatic plants found in Sudan are both wild (Table 1) and cultivated (Table 2).
USES OF WILD MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS
The dried exudation from the stem and branches of Acacia senegal is used as a demulcent, suspending and emulsifying agent. It is also used in textiles, confectionery and pastes. It contains mainly magnesium, calcium and potassium salts of glycosidal acid (known as Arabic acid), and enzyme oxydase.
The dried mucilaginous substance obtained from leaves of Aloes sp., Aloe crassipes, found in northern and eastern Sudan, and A. sinkatana, found in the East, is used in small doses as a laxative.
The roots of Balanites aegyptiaca contain steroidal sapogenins, whereas the bulb contains sugars and saponins. The leaves and fruit contain disogenin, while the kernel has a high oil and valuable protein content. The maceration of the fruit and seeds is used as a laxative and anthelmintic. It is used in the food, animal feed and pharmaceutical industry as a precursor.
The essential oil of Ocimum basilicum obtained by distillation is used in perfumery, production of aroma and in the food industry as a flavouring agent. It contains volatile oil containing cineol, pinene, methyl chavicol, d-camphor and ocimene.
The resin of Citrullus colocynthis is used as a gastro-intestinal stimulant and as a powerful purgative, as well as a hydrogogue cathartic and anti-rheumatic cure in traditional medicine.
Cymbopogon proximus contains a bitter oleo resin, a toxic volatile oil and a saponin used extensively in indigenous medicine as a diuretic, colic painkiller and antipyretic in fever.
Datur stamonium, D. metel, and D. innoxia are sources of commercial hyoscyamine. They contain alkaloids, hyoscine, hyoscyamine, as well as atropine. The constituents ofHyoscyamus muticus (hyoscyamine, atropine and hyoscine) relieve pain caused by the excessive use purgatives. It is also used as a cerebral and spinal sedative.
The leaves of Eucalyptus globulus are used as astringents in the form of cigarettes in cases of asthma. The oil is used as an antispasmodic, deodorant and anti-irritant.
The resin, gum, and volatile oil of Boswellia papyrifera are used to make incense and as an ingredient in plasters and fuming pastilles.
Gum exudates of Acacia nilotica are used as an antidiarrhoetic. Pods of Acacia seyal contain more than 20 % proteins and are very nourishing for livestock.
Fruits of Tamarindus indica are used as a gentle laxative, refrigerant and against malaria. They contain free and combined organic acids (tartaric, malic, and citric), potassium tartarate and 25-40 % invert sugars.
Evaluation
of selected Sudanese medicinal plants for their in vitro activity against
hemoflagellates, selected bacteria, HIV-1-RT and tyrosine kinase inhibitory,
and for cytotoxicity
Ethnobotanical
investigations led to the selection of 19 plant species, used traditionally in
Sudan against malaria and other similar tropical diseases, for further studies.
Pamianthe peruviana (Amaryllidaceae) exhibited significant activity against a
chloroquineresistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (K1) and a
chloroquine-sensitive strain (NF54) with IC50 values of 0.6 and 1.1 mg/ml, respectively.
Additionally, P. peruviana showed considerable activities against Trypanosoma
brucei rhodesiense (IC50 1.5 mg/ml) and T. cruzi (IC50 11.8 mg/ml). The
antiplasmodial activity of the different extracts of Salvadora persica
(Salvadoraceae) against P.
falciparum
NF54 strain were found to be 0.6 mg/ml (stems) and 0.7 mg/ml (leaves). Extracts
of different parts of Combretum hartmannianum (Combretaceae) possessed
significant activity against the chloroquine-sensitive P. falciparum strain
(NF54) with IC50 values of 0.2 mg/ml (bark), 0.4 mg/ml (stem) and 4.3 mg/ml
(leaves). Most interestingly, the extracts of the leaves of C. hartmannianum
totally inhibited the enzyme HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) at a
concentration of 66 mg/ml. A comparably strong activity against p56lck tyrosine
kinase was also seen for this extract.
#
2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
The
antibacterial, antiviral activities and phytochemical screening of some
Sudanese medicinal plants
Methanolic
extracts were obtained from 30 parts of 23 different plants belonging to 19 families.
Most of the plants are used traditionally to treat different illnesses in
Sudan. The extracts were screened for their biological activities against
bacterial pathogens including Escherichia coli, Staphyllococcus aureus, and
Klebsiella pneumoniae and two animal viruses representing two viral families,
Newcastle Disease and Fowlpox Viruses. In addition, the
extracts
were evaluated for the presence of the major secondary metabolites classes. The
highest activity recorded was obtained for Zizyphus spina-christi against S.
aureus and K.
pneumoniae.
Seven of the tested extracts, showed virucidal activity of NDV while eight
plant extracts exhibited high activity against replication of PV. Our results
support, at least in part,
the
uses of most plants in ethnopharmacological claims.
Antimicrobial
Activity of Four Medicinal Plants Used by Sudanese Traditional Medicine
Abstract—
This study described chemical and biological screening of crude ethanolic
extract from four species, Ozoroa insiginis Del., Oliv; (Anacardiaceae), Ximenia
americana L; (Olacaceae), Boscia
salicilfolia
Oliv; (Capparidaceae), and Terminalia brownii Fresen; (Combretaceae). The four
species were selected for this study according to ethnobotanical literature and
their significant as
traditional
medicine in Alangasana area, in West of Sudan. The four species revealed high
availability of tannins, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, and terpinoids.
Alkaloids were present only
in
O. insiginis. The antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extracts from the
barks of the four species was performed to determine quantitatively the
presence or absence of inhibition zones, and
measurement
of zone diameter. O.insiginis extract showed good activity against Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. Whereas X. Americana extract exhibited significant activity against
Staphylococcus
aeruginosa
and low activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Consequencely T.brownii showed
significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and good activity against
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa.
B.salicilfolia exhibited no activity against all types of tested bacteria.
Evaluation
of selected Sudanese medicinal plants for their in vitro activity against
hemoflagellates, selected bacteria, HIV-1-RT and tyrosine kinase inhibitory,
and for cytotoxicity
Ethnobotanical
investigations led to the selection of 19 plant species, used traditionally in
Sudan against malaria and other similar tropical diseases, for further studies.
Pamianthe peruviana (Amaryllidaceae) exhibited significant activity against a
chloroquineresistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (K1) and a
chloroquine-sensitive strain (NF54) with IC50 values of 0.6 and 1.1 mg/ml, respectively.
Additionally, P. peruviana showed considerable activities against Trypanosoma
brucei rhodesiense (IC50 1.5 mg/ml) and T. cruzi (IC50 11.8 mg/ml). The
antiplasmodial activity of the different extracts of Salvadora persica
(Salvadoraceae) against P.
falciparum
NF54 strain were found to be 0.6 mg/ml (stems) and 0.7 mg/ml (leaves). Extracts
of different parts of Combretum hartmannianum (Combretaceae) possessed
significant activity against the chloroquine-sensitive P. falciparum strain
(NF54) with IC50 values of 0.2 mg/ml (bark), 0.4 mg/ml (stem) and 4.3 mg/ml
(leaves). Most interestingly, the extracts of the leaves of C. hartmannianum
totally inhibited the enzyme HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) at a
concentration of 66 mg/ml. A comparably strong activity against p56lck tyrosine
kinase was also seen for this extract.
file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/Evaluation%20of%20selected%20Sudanese%20medicinal%20plants%20(1).pdf
Antiplasmodial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Used in
Sudanese Folk-medicine
Introduction
Malaria, a mosquito-borne
disease is global. It was estimated that there were over 300 million cases of
malaria every year in developing countries especially in Africa Sub-sahara
(90%) and other developing countries. Malaria kills over one million people a
year-mainly children under five years and pregnant women.1 Malaria
is a major health problem in Sudan. It constitutes 30% of all attendance to
health facilities. It is the main cause of hospital death and the failure of
malaria control is largely due to the increasing parasite resistance to
chloroquine and vector resistance to insecticides used.2
In all malaria endemic countries, plants are
used in traditional medicine for treatment of the disease. Examples are
numerous with the urgent need to develop new, safe and effective drugs against
malaria. Plants may provide such drugs directly as with quinine from Cinchona
bark or artemisinine from the Chinese herb Artemisia annua and/or they may provide template
molecules on which to base further novel structures by organic synthesis.3
In Sudan, out of 21 compounds isolated from 9
medicinal plants used in traditional medicine, only gedunin and quercetin
showed IC50 of 1 μM as antiplasmodial activity when tested in
vitro against Plasmodium
falciparum.4 Moreover, an investigation of
antiplasmodial activity of selected Sudanese plants revealed that most plants
from the family. Meliaceae showed highly potent antiplasmodial activity against
the two tested strains (3D7-chloroquine and pyrimethamine sensitive and
Dd2-chloroquine resistant and pyrimethamine sensitive Plasmodium
falciparum strains). Khaya
senegalensis (Mahogany), Azadirachta
indica (Neem) and Trichilia
emetic(Dabkar) showed 1C50 values less than 5 μg/ml.5
The present study was
carried out to screen 10 plant samples, representing 10 species and 9 families,
for their antiplasmodial activity and phytoconstituents
Ethnobotanical
Survey of Medicinal Plants in West Kordofan (Western Sudan)
Abstract
The aim of the present study was primarily to
evaluate the medicinal uses of the plants known to some western Kordofan tribes
and to encourage preservation of their culture, conservation and sustainable
utilization
of the plant wealth. The present study revealed a record of 49 plant species
belonging to 26 families which are used in the folk medicine of West Kordofan,
Sudan. It is believed to be a form of healthcare in many
aspects
of curing practices. The plants were arranged alphabetically by their family
name followed by species name, local name, parts used, mode of preparation and
medicinal uses. This wisdom available with the tribes
is
transmitted only through oral communication therefore needs conservation.
Key
words: Medicinal plants; Ethnobotany; West Kordofan.
Introduction
Western Kordofan, an area in Sudan, is located
between latitude 270 E and 300 E. Climatically, it is characterized by a long
dry period (October-May) and a shorter period of precipitation
(June-September).
The
average annual rainfall ranges for 400 mm in the Northern part to 800 mm in the
Southern part. An average maximum temperature of 42 C reached during summer and
falls to about 25 C in winter (El Sammani,
1985).
The main constituent of vegetation is of the grass woodland savannah type (El
Amin, 1990). The population of this area
is 768 000 inhabitants, 154 000 of whom are urban sedentary and 70
000
nomads, spending the dry season in the southern of the Sudan and migrating to
the north with advent of the rainy season. The Department of Medicinal and
Aromatic Plants at the National Centre for Research in Sudan
has
drawn an urgent short term objective to issue an atlas of medicinal plants used
in Sudanese folk medicine (El Ghazali, 1987; El Ghazali et al., 1994; El
Ghazali et al., 1997; El Ghazali, 1998; El Ghazali et al.,
2003).
Ethnobotanically, Western Kordofan area remains unexplored and no comprehensive
account of traditional local remedies is available. The only work existing for
a few areas of this region is compiled by ELGhazali
et
al., 1997 and. EL-Kamali, 2009. The
purpose of the present study was to document the indigenous medicinal plants
used by the locals of West Kordofan with emphasis on those have never been
described in the ethnobotanical literature of Sudan or with new therapeutic
uses. The scant knowledge concerning medicinal plants prompted investigation on
intensive
search of systematic study to better understanding of traditional healing.
Bioactive
Natural Products from Two Sudanese Medicinal Plants Diospyros mespiliformis and
Croton zambesicus Abstract: Phytochemical investigations were
performed in two plant species used in Sudanese traditional
medicines
to treat different illnesses, Diospyros mespiliformis and Croton zambesicus.
The investigations revealed compounds of triterpenes (lupane series), one
trihydroxyflavone and one diterpene. The compounds
have
been isolated and identified using various chromatographic and spectroscopic
techniques. These were lupeol (1), betulinic acid (2), betulin (3) and lupenone
(4) from Diospyros mespiliformis. Compounds 1, 2, 3 in
addition
to diterpene ent -kaurane-3β, 16β, 17-triol (5) and vitexin (6) were re-isolated
from Croton zambesicus. However, compound 5 and 6 were isolated for the first
time from this source. The pure isolated compounds and
semi-synthesized
acetates 1Ac, 2Ac and 3Ac, which were prepared from compounds 1, 2 and 3
respectively, were subjected to two bioassays: α- glucosidase enzyme inhibition
assay and antioxidant activity. Compounds, 1,
1Ac,
3 and 4 showed a marked α-glucosidase inhibitory potential, while compound 6
exhibited strong
antioxidant
activity.
Quality of medicinal plants traditionally used in Sudan as affected
by ionizing radiation treatments
Evaluation
of Antibacterial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Used in Sudanese Traditional
Medicine for Treatment of Wound Infections
Abstract:
The ethanolic, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanolic and water extracts of
some medicinal plants (Acacia nilotica ssp. nilotica pods, Lawsonia inermis
leaves, Azadirachta indica leaves, Trigonella foenumgraecum
seeds
and Cordia sinensis stem bark) were investigated for their antibacterial
activity against six standard bacterial strains commonly associated with wound
infections (Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923),
Bacillus
subtilis (NCTC 8236), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Proteus vulgaris (ATCC
6380), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC
1312) in vitro. Plant extracts at a concentration
of
100 mg/ml were applied using the agar plate well- diffusion method. All the
extracts obtained from A. Nilotica ssp. nilotica pods were showed a range of
activity against all tested bacterial strains. In particular, the ethyl
acetate
and methanol extracts showed the highest levels of activity. Among the tested
extracts of L. inermis, the alcoholic extracts of the leaf showed the highest
levels of activity. The leaf water extract of A. indica
showed
the highest levels of activity against S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa.
The least antibacterially active plants were Trigonella foenum-graecum and
Cordia sinensis. Most susceptible Gram-negative standard
bacterium
was Klebsiella pneumoniae and least susceptible Gram-negative bacterium was Escherichia
coli. In Gram-positive bacteria, most susceptible bacterium was S. aureus.
Compared to reference antibiotics, some
plant
extracts exhibited broader spectrum of antibacterial activity and were found to
be clearly superior in case of extracts of A. nilotica ssp. nilotica and L.
inermis against K. pneumoniae.
Correlation
of antiangiogenic, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of some Sudanese
medicinal plants with phenolic and flavonoid contents
Background: Consumption of
medicinal plants to overcome diseases is traditionally belongs to the
characteristics of most cultures on this earth. Sudan has been a host and
cradle to various ancient civilizations and developed a
vast
knowledge on traditional medicinal plants. The present study was undertaken to
evaluate the antioxidant, antiangiogenic and cytotoxic activities of six
Sudanese medicinal plants which have been traditionally used to treat
neoplasia.
Further the biological activities were correlated with phytochemical contents
of the plant extracts.
Methods:
Different parts of the plants were subjected to sequential extraction method.
Cytotoxicity of the extracts was determined by dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-
2,5diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on 2 human cancer (colon and
breast) and normal (endothelial and colon fibroblast) cells. Anti-angiogenic
potential was tested using ex vivo rat aortic ring assay. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)
assay was conducted to screen the antioxidant capabilities of the extracts.
Finally, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were estimated in the extracts
using colorimetric assays.
Results: The results
indicated that out of 6 plants tested, 4 plants (Nicotiana glauca, Tephrosia
apollinea, Combretum hartmannianum and Tamarix nilotica) exhibited remarkable
anti-angiogenic activity by inhibiting the
sprouting
of microvessels more than 60%. However, the most potent antiangiogenic effect
was recorded by ethanol extract of T. apollinea (94.62%). In addition, the
plants exhibited significant antiproliferative effects against
human
breast (MCF-7) and colon (HCT 116) cancer cells while being non-cytotoxic to
the tested normal cells. The IC50 values determined for C. hartmannianum, N.
gluaca and T. apollinea against MCF-7 cells were 8.48, 10.78 and
29.36
μg/ml, respectively. Whereas, the IC50 values estimated for N. gluaca, T.
apollinea and C. Hartmannianum against HCT 116 cells were 5.4, 20.2 and 27.2
μg/ml, respectively. These results were more or less equal to the
standard
reference drugs, tamoxifen (IC50 = 6.67 μg/ml) and 5-fluorouracil (IC50 = 3.9
μg/ml) tested against MCF-7 and HCT 116, respectively. Extracts of C.
hartmannianum bark and N. glauca leaves demonstrated potent antioxidant effect
with IC50s range from 9.4–22.4 and 13.4–30 μg/ml, respectively. Extracts of N.
glauca leaves and T apollinea aerial parts demonstrated high amount of
flavonoids range from 57.6–88.1 and 10.7–78 mg quercetin equivalent/g,respectively.
Conclusions: These results are in
good agreement with the ethnobotanical uses of the plants (N. glauca, T.
apollinea, C. hartmannianum and T. nilotica) to cure the oxidative stress and
paraneoplastic symptoms caused by the cancer.
These
findings endorse further investigations on these plants to determine the active
principles and their mode of action
Antioxidant
Activity and Cytotoxicity of some Sudanese Medicinal Plants
Many species of plants have been shown
effective antioxidant activities. This study is carried out to investigate the antioxidant
and cytotoxic activities of six Sudanese medicinal plants commonly used as anti-inflammatory.
Azadiracta indica leaves, Ziziphus spina-christi leaves , Matricaria chmomilla
flower, Ricinus communis leaves, Acacia Arabica leaves and Trigonella foenum
seads were extracted with methanol 80% and screened for their free radical
scavenging properties using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and iron
metal chelating, while propyl galate was used as standard antioxidant. MTT
colorimetric assay was used against vero cell line for evaluation the
cytotoxicity of all above plant extracts. All the above extracts showed strong
anti-DPPH with IC50 values 0.49, 4.74, 9.91, 2.14, 17.19 and 4.24 μg/ml
respectively, the inhibition percentage of propylgalate levels was found 88 %
at concentrations 0.5 mM. The inhibition percentage of radical scavenging
activity against iron metal chelating 38.44, 26.88, 8.28, 17.05, 15.23, 27.73 %
for all of them at concentration 50 μg/ml respectively. None of the above
mentioned extracts revealed cytotoxic activity against vero cell line. The
results obtained support the ethnobotanical uses of the above plants as anti-inflammatory
In
vitro Antibacterial Activity of Five Sudanese Medicinal Plants Against
Salmonella species Petroleum-ether and
methanol extracts of Khaya senegalensis “bark &
leaves”,
Senna alexandrina leaves, Solenostemna argel leaves, Tamarindus indica L.
fruits and Trigonella foenum graecum seeds, were tested for their antimicrobial
activity against Salmonella typhi
and
S.paratyphi by the cup-plate agar diffusion technique. The screening revealed
that only petroleum ether extract of T.foenum graecum possess MIC 100 mg / ml
while the MIC of the methanolic extracts against standard S.typhi (ATCC) were
50 mg / ml K.senegalensis (Bark) , 50mg / ml K.senegalensis (Leaves),, 100 mg /
ml S.alexandrina (Leaves), 100 mg / ml S.argel (Leaves), 25 mg / ml
T.indica
L (Fruits ) and 100 mg / ml T.foenum (seeds).
The Plants & Animals of
Sudan
Until South Sudan declared its independence in
July of 2011, Sudan was the largest country in Africa. Even after losing a
substantial part of its territory, the country still covers a large area,
equivalent to around one-quarter of the United States. An estimated 52 percent
of Sudan’s territory is made up of savanna, shrubland and grassland, with an
additional 42 percent covered by sparse or barren vegetation where plants cover
no more than 10 percent of the land. The Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in London
estimates that Sudan has between 4,000 and 4,500 plant species.
Journal
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2012, 4(12):5145-5148
Medicinal
plants constitute an important component of flora and are widely distributed in
Sudan. The pharmacological evaluation of substrates from plants is an
established method for the identification of compounds,
which
can lead to the development of novel and safe medicinal agents. Based of the
ethno pharmacological literature, several species of medicinal plants used in
traditional medicine in Sudan were collected. In the present
study,
ethanolic extracts of some medicinal plants were screened for their
cytotoxicity using brine shrimp lethality test. Out of the 25 plants tested,
Azadrichta indica (w.p.) LC50 45 ppm, (L) LC50 21; Aristolochia
bracteolata(w.p.)
with
LC50. 50 ppm; (Sd.) LC50 185; (Aristolochic acid, LC50 19 ppm; while Savadoora
persica,(L.), (Salvadoraceae) and Ocimum basilicum; (Labiatae); show no
toxicity. The present study supports the previous that
brine
shrimp bioassay is simple, reliable, and convenient method for assessment of
bioactivity of medicinal plants
and
leads support for their use in traditional medicine1
.
Key
words: Artemia salina; brine shrimp lethality test; medicinal plants;
cytotoxicity
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
The
importance of medicinal plants and traditional health systems in solving the heath
care problems of the word is gaining increasing attention. Because of this
resurgence of interest, the research on plants of medicinal importance is growing
phenomenally at international level, often to the detriment of natural habitats
and mother population in the countries of origin. Most of the developing
countries have adopted traditional medical practice as an integral part of their
culture. Historically, all medicinal preparations were derived from plants,
whether in simple form of raw plant materials or in the refined form of crude
extracts, mixtures, etc. Recent estimates suggest that several thousands of plants
have been known with medicinal application in various cultures [1] . There are
well known drugs that are directly developed from plant species [2], for
example Vinblastine and Vincristine from Catharanthus roseus, the first cures
in human cancer. Beside the cytotoxic drugs as Aspirin (Analgesic,
anti-inflammatory from Filipendula ulmavia. Benzoin (Oral disinfectant) from
Slyrax tonkinensis, Morphine (Analgesic) from Papaver somniferum and Quinine
(for malaria prophylaxia) from Cinchona pubescens. Some of these plants have
been subjected to the isolation of the active ingredients (chemical compound),
and their subsequent modification [3].
In continuation of our effort to verify the
efficiency of traditional medicine we have collected several medicinal plants
from central and other parts of the Sudan based on the ethno pharmacological
information. In order to study
toxicity
of these medicinal plants we performed brine shrimp lethality bioassay, which
based on the ability to kill laboratory cultured brine shrimp (Artemia salina
nauplii). The brine shrimp bioassay was proposed by Michael et al
[4],
and latter developed by Vanhaecke et al [5]. The assay is considered a useful
tool for preliminary assessment of toxicity and it has been used for the
detection of fungal toxin, plant extract toxicity, heavy metals, pesticides and
cytotoxicity
testing of dental materials [6, 7].
Cytotoxicity and Biological Activity of
Selected Sudanese Medicinal Plants
INTRODUCTION
Cytotoxicity via the
brine shrimp test was studied in order to reveal new anticancer compounds (Harborne, 1998). Toxicity to brine shrimps has
a good correlation with anti-tumor activity in man (McLaughlin, 1991) since the brine shrimp
responds similarly to the corresponding mammalian system (Solis et al., 1993).
Taxol, the new
anti-cancer hospital drug from the bark of Taxus
brevifolia, was discovered in
this way. Alternatively, crude plant extracts can be first assayed for
particular activities and the active fractions then analyzed phytochemically.
Varieties of bioassays are now available for the phytochemist to use in such
work (Hostettmann,
1991).
Twenty one sudanese
plants, used in traditional medicine, were evaluated using the Brine Shrimp
lethality Test (BST) The most active plants contain alkaloids in high concentrations
in the most active plant Argemone
mexicana (seeds, roots and
leaves) (Dahawi, 2009).
There are well-known
drugs that are directly developed from plant species (Mans et al., 2000).
The famous cytotoxic drugs are Vinblastine and Vincristine from Catharanthus roseus, the
first cures in human cancer. Besides the cytotoxic plant compounds, the non
cytotoxic drugs as Aspirin (Analgesic,anti-nflammatory) from Filipendula ulmaria, Benzoin
(Oral disinfectant) from Styrax
tonkinensis, Morphine (Analgesic) from Papaver
somniferum and Quinine (For malaria prophylaxis) from Cinchona pubescens.
Development of natural
products: The World Health
Organization estimates that approximately 80% of the world's population relies
primarily on traditional medicines as sources for their primary health care (Farnsworth et al., 1985).
Over 100 chemical substances that are considered to be important drugs are
either currently in use or have been widely used in one or more countries in
the world have been derived from a little under 100 different plants.
Approximately 75% of these substances were discovered as a direct result of
chemical studies focused on the isolation of active substances from plants used
in traditional medicine (Cragg and David, 2001).
Therap'eutic
Utility, Constituents and Toxicity of Some Medicinal Plants: A Review
Amel
0 I;lakhiet and Salah E I Adam
.
Man h<Js always made use of flora' to alleviate suffering and dise<Jse.
This review presents information on the various therapeutic applications 'of
plants used in traditional medicine, their active
principles
and observed side effects in animals and human' beings, We also focus on the
gaps in ollr k.nowledge about plant toxicoses that require scientific
investigations and offer some logical conclusions. ,.
There
is a growing awareness by scientific (Rutaceae), are extensively used for
promotand medical cOllununities of the importance ing vascular resistance
(vitumin-P action) of medicinal plants in the health care due to their content
of citroflavanoids, mixterns of many developing countries. Scienti ic tures of
hesperidoside, naringoside and ~ryoprojects have been launched to explain the
dictyoside (13,14). The peel also contains
curative
phenomena associated with tradition esseritial oils and vitamin.C.
Citroflavanoids al herbal remedies and to identify simple control the
permeability of blood vessels technology that could produce drugs and ther by
decreasing the porosity of their walls apeutic agen ts at a low cost to
alleviate and thus improving the exchange of liquids suffering and disease.
Plants contain a uoum and the diffusion of proteins. They are used
ber
of chemical constituents and are etnployed in the treatment of varicose veins,
hemorfor different medicinal purposes; however, rhoids and edema (15,16). over-dosage
of plant products containing medicinal
eompounds
may cause toxic reactions Lawsonia inermis (Lytthraceae) contains when
introduced into animals or human beings.
Investigation
Antibacterial Activity Extraction from Two Medicinal Plants Available in Sudan
An
aim of present study is investigated the antibacterial activity of petroleum
ether and methanol extracts of two Sudanese medicinal plants Vigna coerulea
Bak. and Aloe vera were tested against three species of bacteria , Bacillus
subtilis , Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Results were revealed
the methanol extracts of two medicinal plants were effective on bacterial
strains, while the crude plants were weakly effective. The diameter of
inhibition zones ranged from 15-20 mm. A minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
of the plants against different microorganisms was done by using a microdillution
method, it was found to be ranged from 0.156 -0.313 mg/m. In vivo-sensitivity
of the plants were tested on 10, three days old by using the white rats. The
rats were infected with different bacterial strains. Stained films from the
lesions,
cultures
and histopathology confirmed the infections. The infected wounds showed
dramatic response to the usage of the plants as topical treatment. Toxicity of
the plants was tested in rats. The plants mixed with distilled water and given
to the rats as drinking water. The hematological and chemical parameters were
measured before and after ingestion of the plants
by
rats. Histopathology sections of the hearts, livers, lungs, kidneys and spleens
of the rat become normal.
Ethnobotanical
study of medicinal plants in the Blue Nile State, South-eastern Sudan Ethnobotanical
study of medicinal plants used by traditional healers was carried out in the
Blue Nile
State,
South-eastern Sudan. Information was obtained through conversations with
traditional healers with the aid of semi-structured questionnaires. Informant
consensus, use value, and fidelity level for
each
species and use category were calculated. A total of 31 traditional healers
participated in the study. Fifty three plant species distributed into 31
families and 47 genera were identified as being used
to
treat one or more ailments. The major source of remedies came from wild plants.
The most frequently mentioned indications were digestive system disorders,
infections/infestations, pain, evil eye and
respiratory
system disorders. The majority of remedies are administered orally and
decoctions were the most frequently prepared formulation. The collected data
may help to avoid the loss of traditional
knowledge
on the use of medicinal plants in this area. Considering the widespread use of these
medicinal plants to treat various ailments, it therefore becomes crucial to
scientifically validate the
therapeutic
uses and safety of these plants through phytochemical screening, different
biological activity tests and toxicological studies.
Ethnopharmacology
of Medicinal Plants used in North Kordofan (Western Sudan)
Urban
and rural people of North Kordofan (Western Sudan) inherited a rich traditional
medicinal knowledge. The preservation and documentation of this knowledge is a
matter of prime
importance.
This will not only provide recognition of this knowledge but will also help in conservation
of such gradually vanishing endangered semi/arid plant species. The present
paper
provide
ethnopharmacological information of 48 taxa distributed into 26 families. For
each plant species listed, the botanical name, family, vernacular name, part
used, uses/ailments treated,
preparations/administrations,
use (%) and locality are given. Among the major findings: Acacia nilotica ssp.
nilotica as hypertensive; Balanites aegyptiaca for diabetes; Ceiba pentandra
for
relieve
toothache; Geigeria alata for diabetes, cough, intestinal complaints and as
antispasmodic; Guiera senegalensis for jaundice; Hibiscus sabdariffa in cases
of hematuria and Justacia flava
smeared
on gingiva in cases of teeth pain.
Keywords:
Folk medicine; North Kordofan; Western Sudan; Medicinal plants; ethnobotany;
conservation.
Contribution
to the flora of Um Rimmitta area, White Nile State, Sudan
The
study deals with the ecology and taxonomy of the vegetation of Um Rimmitta
area, Central Sudan. Taxonomic studies included collection, preparation,
identification and classification of
plant
species in the study area. A total of 85 plant species were identified
belonging o 30 families, represent the flora of the study area. From the
identified species of the present study,
(42)
species were found to have medicinal values, and these represented (49.4%), of
the total plant species of the study area. Moreover, a check-list of
endangered, extinct and famine food
plants
has been provided. The study shown that during the drought spells in 1975,
1980, some of the plant species at the study area were lost. Also the study
found that some plant species
supported
that locals during the period s of drought and bridged the gap in food
supplies. The present study revealed that the soil moisture content was
relatively low at the study area. The
chemical
analysis of the soil shown that there were no significant differences between
sites in the study area with respect to soil elements. However, there were
significant different between
the
sites in their pH values.
Medicinal
plants against hepatitis C virus
Hepatitis
C virus (HCV) is a global health concern which is responsible for most of the
liver diseases. Currently, there is no vaccine available for prevention of HCV
infection due to the high degree of strain variation. The
current
standard of care is a combination of pegylated interferon α with ribavirin and
boceprevir/telaprevir. This treatment was partially effective and had
significant side effects. Hence, there is a need to develop
new
antiviral agents that interfere with different stages of the HCV life cycle.
Recent advances in the understanding of both the cellular and molecular
mechanisms of HCV replication have provided the basis for novel
therapeutic
strategies. Several hundred plant species and their phyto-constituents have
been isolated for screening against HCV, and some have been shown to have great
medicinal value in preventing and/or ameliorating
viral
diseases in pre-clinical and clinical trials. This review summarizes medicinal
plants and their phytochemicals which inhibit different stages of HCV life
cycle
and discuss their potential use in HCV therapy
Effect
of some plants’ extracts used in Sudanese folkloric medicines on
carrageenan-induced inflammation Abstract: Investigations for anti-inflammatory
potential and categorization of Sudanese medicinal plants according to
their
potency. Anti-inflammatory effect of plants’ extracts of 17 genera were studied
using the carrageenan induced inflammation in rats’ paws. The plant extracts
were obtained using methanol and dichloromethane as solvent and administered
intra peritoneally at the concentration of 2g/kg body weight. The results
obtained in this experiment strongly support and validate the traditional uses
of these Sudanese medicinal plants to treat various inflammatory diseases.
63.9% of plants extracts showed marked inhibition of inflammation induced by
carrageenan (78.3% out of this percentage represented by methanolic extract),
27.8% showed no activity and 8.3% enhanced the carrageenan induced inflammation.
The anti-inflammatory effect of many of these plants has not been reported
previously, yet they have been extensively used in Sudanese folkloric medicine.
The result of this study justify the traditional medicinal use of the evaluated
plants species in treating inflammatory disorders and helped in categorizing
the investigated plants into most useful, moderately useful and least useful
category for inflammatory diseases. Out of the 17 investigated plant species 05
belongs to most useful and 06 belongs to moderately useful category. However,
toxicity studies are required to prove the
safety
of these plant materials.
Antioxidant and antiglycation potential of some Sudanese
medicinal plants and their isolated compounds
Considerable evidence has accumulated to implicate
cellular damage arising from reactive oxygen species (ROS), at least in part,
in the etiology and pathophysiology of human diseases such as neurodegenerative
disorders (e.g. Alzeimer disease, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, Down’s
syndrome), inflammation, viral infections, autoimmune pathologies, and
digestive system disorders such as gastrointestinal inflammation and
ulcer
( Repetto and Llesuy, 2002; Aruoma, 2003). In living systems, free-radicals are
generated as part of the body’s normal metabolic process, and the free radical
chain reactions are usually produced in the
mitochondrial
respiratory chain, liver mixed function oxidases, by bacterial leucocytes,
through xanthine oxidase activity, atmospheric pollutants, and from transitional
metal catalysts, drugs and xenobiotics.
For
instance, in diabetes, increased oxidative stress which co-exists with
reduction of the antioxidant status has been postulated. Oxygen free radicals
can initiate peroxidation of lipids, which in turn
stimulates
glycation of protein, inactivation of enzymes and alteration in the structure
and function of collagen basement and other membranes, and plays a role in the
long-term complication of
immune-related
diseases (Boynes, 1991; Sabu and Kuttan, 2002). Similarly, in carcinogenesis,
reactive oxygen species are responsible for initiating multistage
carcinogenesis (Atawodi 2005).
Antibacterial
Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Ethanolic Extracts Obtained from
Selected Sudanese Medicinal Plants
Abstract:
Selected plants (8 species) having a history of use in Sudanese traditional
medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases were investigated for
antibacterial activity in vitro. Phytochemical screening of these
plants
was performed for constituents: alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones,
saponins and volatile oils. Moisture, ash, crude fibres and soluble ethanol
extractive contents have been carried out. The antibacterial
screening
of the ethanol extracts of the selected plants was performed by the agar well
diffusion method against clinical isolates Gram-positive bacteria
(Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative
bacteria
(Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). All the eight ethanolic extracts
showed good activity against four tested bacteria. The activity of the
Cymbopogon schoenathus spp. proximus aerial parts,
Cymbopogon
nervatus inflorescence and Cassia occidentalis seed extracts were more
pronounced. The results of the antibacterial activity screening support the
ethno medical uses of these plants. Further studies on the
isolation
and characterization of the Cymbopogon schoenathus spp. proximus and Cymbopogon
nervatus, partially or totally responsible for the observed antibacterial
properties in progress.
Medicinal Plants in
East and Central Africa :
Challenges and Constraints
Abstract
In East and Central Africa , medicnal and aromatic plants play an important
role in the health of millions of people. Demand for medicinal plants is
increasing as the population grows. Over-use of the medicinal and aromaticplants cause further economic, social and
ecological deterioration. The traditional knowledge, uses and economic
contribution of medicinal and aromatic plants to the rural economy in the
region were studied. The direct and indirect effects of the human activities on
this region are discussed. This paper also discusses challenges and constraints
in relation to conservation. Strategies for enhancing the development of a medicnal and aromatic plants industry are
suggestive.
Introduction
The use of traditional
medicines remains widespread in developing countries while the use of
complementary alternative medicine (CAM
East and central Africa is a region on
the African continent that includes the countries of Somalia, Kenya, Sudan,
Chad, Central African Republic, Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi , Congo and Rwanda,
The revival of interest in the use and
importance of African medicinal plants by the WHO and many developing countries
has led to intensified efforts on the documentation of ethnomedical data of medicinal plants, since most
traditional healers keep no records and their information is passed on , mainly
verbally , from generation to generation. Research has been geared towards
finding scientific evidence for the claims as to the therapeutic efficacy of
African herbs by traditional healers. Most of the published and unpublished
written ethnomedicine data with valuable and complementary
information are scattered in many documents, some of which are not easily
available. An interdisciplinary systematization, which certainly help to predict the most promising
candidates for further laboratory or clinical investigations, appears as useful
work.
In continuation of our work to bring
up to date East and Central African ethnomedicine data,
the present paper reports medicinal plants together with some traditional
beliefs about them.
In
vitro Assessment of Anti - Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Activity of Some Sudanese
Plants
SUMMARY:
Examination of crude methanol extracts of four Sudanese plants (Azadirachta
indica, Acacia nilotica, Balanites aegyptiaca and Allium sativa) revealed that
only three species had a considerable in-vitro anti-leishmanial activity on
Leishmania major promastigotes. The plants Azadrachta indica, Allium sativa,
and Acacia nilotica gave a LC50 of 10.2, 4.94, and 89.38 µg/ml, respectively.
Extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca had a moderate biological activity on L major
promastigotes.
Key
words: Leishmaniasis, cutaneous, herbal therapy, in vitro
Sudan’da
Yetişen Bazı Bitkilerin Anti-kutanöz Leishmaniasis Aktivitesinin in vitro
Olarak Değerlendirilmesi ÖZET: Sudan’da yetişen dört bitkinin (Azadirachta
indica, Acacia nilotica, Balanites aegyptiaca and Allium sativa) ham metanol
ekstraktlarının
incelenmesi sonucunda, sadece üç tanesinin Leishmania major promastigotlarına
karşı in vitro olarak etkisi olduğu görülmüştür. Azadrachta indica, Allium
sativa, and Acacia nilotica bitkilerinin ekstrakları için %50 öldürücü
konsantrasyonun (LC50) sırasıyla 10.2, 4.94, 89.38 µg/mL olduğu, Balanites
aegyptiaca ekstraktı ise L major promastigotları üzerine orta derecede etkiye
sahip olduğu saptanmıştır.
Anahtar
Sözcükler: Leishmaniasis, kutanöz, bitkisel tedavi, in vitro
INTRODUCTION
Leishmaniasis
is a group of disease, caused by Leishmania species. The disease is considered
as a major public health problem in 82 countries in the world causing morbidity
and mortality (14). Leishmaniasis is an endemic disease spread in variable
directions in Sudan. The visceral leishmaniasis hyper-endemic foci are mainly
in east and south while cutaneous type is shoed sporadic pattern meanly in the
west and central parts of Sudan (1-3). Different modes of treatment are used in
the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Pentavalent antimonial compounds are the
first line treatment but generally are toxic so several significant advances in
the chemotherapy of the leishmaniasis have occurred in the last 10 years (6).
PHYTOCHEMICAL
ANALYSES OF THREE SUDANESE PLANTS FOR THEIR CONSTITUENTS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS
Abdalla
Abdelrahim Satti & Amal Elsayed Edriss
Department
of Alternatives to Pesticides and Biocontrol, Environment and Natural Resources
Research Institute, Khartoum, Sudan, P.O.
Box 6096, Khartoum, Sudan
E-mail: satisattisat@yahoo.com; Mobile: 00249 916017797
ABSTRACT
Phytochemicals
found in higher plants are known to contain several kinds of secondary
metabolites with profound biological activities. Such plant derivatives
represent untapped sources for unlimited applications in public life and
industry.
These structurally variable compounds also provide new models for synthetic
chemical analogues. In pest control, various extracts were proved significant
effects on different pests and diseases; hence some commercial pesticides were formulated
from certain botanical compounds. This study focuses on phytochemical analyses
of different parts extracts prepared from three indigenous medicinal plants.
These were; Acacia nilotica (leaves & fruits), Artemisia annua (leaves
& whole plant) and Nerium oleander (leaves & flowers). Three extracts
(water, ethanol and petroleum ether) were analyzed through chemical means from
each plant part to ascertain their active chemical groups of non polar and
polar components.
The
results of water extracts showed that alkaloids, saponins and flavones are the
main chemical groups present in all plants at variable levels. However, ethanol
extracts showed all the eight investigated chemical groups distributed in different
plant parts and species. In contrast, petroleum ether extracts yielded
principally triterpenoids and sterols. Since these plants are available in the
country and having many traditional uses, particularly in medicine and pest
control, they can be exploited commercially in obtaining such chemicals for
different purposes
PHARMACOLOGICAL
STUDIES ON FOUR ANTI-TUMOR MEDICINAL PLANTS GROWN IN SUDAN INTRODUCTION
In
Sudan, the assimilation of many plants species into traditional practice was
reported a long time1 .Albeit, many species were not investigated
systematically or in depth, yet traditional knowledge ascertains their
appreciable
diverse curative properties .In this context, four plants species namely,
Ambrosia maritima L., Ammivisnaga L., Aristolochiabracteolata L. And Lawsoniainermis
L., grown in Sudan, were reported to treat vast myriad of diseases including
infectious and neglected diseases. Traditionally,
these species are reputed tocure gastrointestinal disturbances, diabetes, hypertension, malaria, tumor as well as many bacterial,
fungal and viral infections.
.
Concerning
the area of cancer, it is worth noting that, it’s a leading cause of death worldwide
. Despite the existence of chemotherapeutic curable cancers , yet numerous
cases still suffers from resistance to
such
therapy or drastic health deterioration pertaining with their side effects .
Grewia tenax (Frosk.) Fiori.- A TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANT WITH
ENORMOUS ECONOMIC PROSPECTIVES NIDHI SHARMA* AND VIDYA PATNI
Department
of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur- 302004, Rajasthan, India.Email:
nidhi.sharma3003@gmail.com
Received:11
May 2012, Revised and Accepted:25 June 2012
ABSTRACT
The
plant Grewia tenax (Frosk.) Fiori. belonging to the family Tiliaceae, is an
example of multipurpose plant species which is the source of food, fodder,
fiber, fuelwood, timber and a range of traditional medicines that cure various
perilous diseases and have mild antibiotic properties. The plant preparations
are used for the treatment of bone fracture and for bone strengthening and
tissue healing. The fruits are used for promoting
fertility
in females and are considered in special diets for pregnant women and anemic
children. The plant is adapted to high temperatures and dry conditions and has
deep roots which stabilize sand dunes. The shrubs play effectively for
rehabilitation of wastelands. The plant parts are rich in amino acids and mineral
elements and contain some pharmacologically active constituents. The plant is
identified in trade for its fruits. Plant is also
sold
as wild species of medicinal and aromatic plant and is direct or indirect
source of income for the tribal people. But the prolonged seed dormancy is a
typical feature and vegetative propagation is not well characterized for the
plant. Micropropagation by tissue culture techniques may play an effective role
for plant conservation. The plant needs phytochemical and pharmacological
investigations on a wider range which may have
great
scope in near future. Thus, efforts are needed to conserve, domesticate and
cultivate the plant. This paper reviews the plant’s medicinal aspects and
chemical constituents, also provides brief information of plant bioprospecting
and its manifest market values.
Trade
of Sudanese Natural Medicinals and their role in Human and Wildlife Health Care
Sudan
is considered to be the largest country in Africa (2,5 sq. km.) which is
equivalent to approximately one million square miles, that is why it is some
times referred to as the land of one million square miles. This great area lies
between latitude 3-23° N. constituting a wide variation of climatic zones
extending from desert and semi-desert in the North, equatorial short rainy
season (semi-acrid and semi-humid) in the centre to equatorial long
season
(arid humid and equatorial humid) in the South. Thus the range of mean annual rainfall
(m.a.r.) is expected to vary from zero to heavy (1400). Depending on the amount
of
rainfall,
the type of soil and cultivation practices climatic zones are usually
classified into four categories ranging from humid and rainy climate (Ferrasols
& Nitosols type) to arid
climate
(Yermosols poor soil type).
TRADITIONAL
SUDANESE MEDICINE
A
primer for health care providers, researchers, and student
large
sector of the Sudanese population use traditional medicine to meet their
primary health care needs. In addition to being accessible and affordable, it
is part of their belief systems. Often,
traditional
medicine provides the only available health care service to the population in
many parts of the country. Bilad al-Sudan ‘the land of the blacks’ as given by
medieval Muslim geographers signifies all sub-Saharan Africa extending from the
Red Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. The word Sudan unqualified refers to the present
political entity first used well after the Turco-Egyptian conquest of 1821. Not
much is yet known about pre-history of this region. Nevertheless, the Sudanese
man appears to have gone through a typical world pattern of development from
hunter to settled farmer, and then member of a centralized kingdom. Kerma
kingdom stands as the first centralized power in the Sudan. It isdated
approximately from 2000 to 1600 BC, a powerful kingdom, which ruled the entire area between the second, and
the fourth cataracts. The peak of the ancient Sudanese culture is thought to
have been reached during the period from the second century BC to the third
century AD, when the Meroitic civilization developed its own form of writing
and its own style of art and of belief. Along the Nile valley, a number of
Christian kingdoms rose and fell, while the Beja of the eastern desert and Red
Sea hills remained pagan through various waves of Islamic immigration. From the
seventh century AD, waves of Arab tribes were infiltrating the country,
bringing with them a new religion and a new culture. The Islamization of the
Sudan had gradual beginnings but was effective, achieving full sway by 1504 AD,
when the Funj rulers established the
first
Muslim monarchy. The Funj Kingdom lasted for over three centuries before the
Turkish forces conquered it. The Turkish rule ended in 1885 on the hands of the
Mahdi. That independent state lasted only to
1898
when the country was re-conquered by the combined British and Egyptian forces.
Research advances in
Sudanese traditional medicine: Opportunities, constrains and challenges
Abdelhafeez
M. A. Mohammed
Alzaiem
Alazhari University, Sudan
The
former Sudan is the largest country in Africa and the tenth in the World with
an area of approximately 2.5 million square
kilometers.
Due to the referendum for southern Sudanese peoples in 2011, one third of area
is separated and becomes a new
country
named “Republic of South Sudan” whereas the remaining area has the old name
“Republic of the Sudan”.
A
large sector of the Sudanese population use traditional medicine to meet their
primary health care needs. In addition to
being
accessible and affordable, it is part of their belief systems. Often,
traditional medicine provides the only available health
care
service to the population in many parts of the country especially in the rural
communities. This paper is concerned about the
challenges,
constrains and opportunities of the research in medicinal and aromatic herbs in
Republic of the Sudan.
Opportunities
are great for collaborative efforts at national, regional and international
levels for exploration and establishment
of
herbaria at national and state levels.
Regarding
the research on medicinal plants, there are a number of on-going research
programs conducted by the Medicinal
and
Aromatic Plants Research Institute (MAPRI) and limited research groups in the
institutions. However, these efforts are
hampered
by many constrains such as lack of funds, inadequate personnel and inadequate
resource materials.
The
funds come from the Ministry of Science and Technology to MAPRI is not enough
but nothing come from Ministry
of
Higher Education to the universities for purpose of research. Funds from donors
and international institutions have been
ceased
since 1989 as political ramifications. Collaborative research work through
networks is hampered by lack of funds, weak
correspondence
and some political ramifications beyond the capacity of the scientific
communities. Moreover, research institutes
are
inadequately equipped (laboratory facilities) to monitor and protect the
resource base.
This
report outlines the basic information about the status of indigenous medicinal
and aromatic plants in the Sudan.
It
also highlights the diversity, socio-economic importance, status of research,
threats and constraints to their development,
management
and utilization, research gaps and priority research areas.
A
Review on Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activites of Three Anti-Inflammatory
Plants used in Sudanese Folkloric Medicine
Plants
are potent biochemical factories and have been components of phytomedicine.
Since time immemorial man is able to obtain from them a wondrous assortment of
industrial chemicals. Plantbased
natural
constituents can be derived from any part of the plant like bark, leaves,
flowers, roots, fruits, seeds, etc., which may contain active components. Sudan
with its uniquely variable
climatic
conditions possesses a huge wealth of flora. Capparis decidua Family
(Capparidaceae), Cyperus rotundus Family (Cyperaceae) and Tribulus terrestris
Family (Zygophyllaceae) were used
successfully
in Sudanese folkloric medicine for treatment of inflammatory disorders. The
present review described Botanical description, biological activites and
phytochemical profile of these
three
plants.
Selected
Sudanese Medicinal plants
MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE ARID ZONES
he
arid regions of the world occupy very extensive areas of the continental land masses
and constitute nearly one-half of the land surface of the Earth. The major portion
of the African continent and a great part of the Asian continent are arid. Practically
the entire surface of Australia, except the fringes bordering the sea in the north,
east and south-east, is arid. The North and South American continents contain
large tracts of arid land.
Some
parts of Alaska, north-eastern Siberia, the Arctic coast of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics and the western part of the Tibetan Plateau fall into the
semi-arid category. Man y of these localities would be classified as tundra by
the usual criterion —a mean temperature of less than 10°C during the warmest
month. As such areas would not be wan n enough for agriculture even if
sufficient water were available, it has not
been
considered advisable to include them in the arid or semi-arid zones as defined by
Unesco [2].1
Exploring
the Potential of Indigenous Wild Food Plants in Southern Sudan
In
the last few years, a number of different research and data collection
activities in the field of indigenous food plants have been undertaken in
southern Sudan. To date, three studies have been carried out: Save the
Children
and World Food Program (WFP) supported an independent study of Bahr el Ghazal,
Upper Nile, Lakes and the Ironstone Plateau; UNICEF carried out a similar study
in eastern and western Equatoria, parts
of
Upper Nile and Bahr el Ghazal; and German Agro Action carried out a further study
in eastern Equatoria. The purpose of the studies was to gather baseline
information on idigneous wild food plants, IWFPs, i.e.,
their
nutritional value, their importance and the acceptance of IWPFs among southern
Sudanese communities and individuals. In these studies it was found that: the
foods are a part of the normal diet; are crucial to people’s survival during
times of food shortage; have the nutritional equivalent of – and in some cases
are superior to–introduced vegetables and fruits; play a major role in the diet
of children; are both palatable and enjoyable;
are
of particular economic importance to the poor and to women in general; are used
to protect family assets; have been domesticated; diversify the diet; and are
adapted
to their environment.
Population
pattern and phenological behaviours for selected medicinal plants in Nigeria;
implications for ex-situ conservation Recent developments indicated increasing
gene-pool depletion for most medicinal plants in Nigeria despite their pharmaceuticals
and therapeutic potentials. Initial socio-economic study involving three
countries (Nigeria, Ghana and Republic of Benin) identified ten most frequently
used medicinal plants. This list was superimposed on a vegetation map of
Nigeria for the production of a distribution map ahead of an eco-geographic
survey for population and phenological studies. Sample sites were defined in
east-west directions under different vegetation and land use types. Sample
sizes of 50m x 50m quadrant were selected across the vegetation and land use
types. Altogether 55 samples quadrats
were recorded across the zones; Lowland rainforest (20), Derived savanna (16), Sudan
savanna (13) and Guinea savannah (6). A total of 196 individuals were recorded
across the four ecological zones, rainforest 66 (33.67%) and least in Sudan
savanna 13 individuals (6.63%). On land use basis, plantation forest recorded
the highest in the lowland rainforest zone and least in sacred groove with
similar trend in Derived savanna. In Guinea savanna, farm lands had the highest
number of individuals while forest plantation accounted for the highest in Sudan
savanna. Flowering duration varied greatly, ranging from (8.42 ±0.83) days to
(45.25 ±5.77) days. Fruiting patterns ranged between (14.44± 4.28 to 145.87±
8.76) days. The need for adequate
phenological
information ahead of ex-situ conservation programme is desirable. Low stocking
density observed across the range and land use types is implicated for holistic
conservation strategies and sustainability
Effect
of two sesquiterpene lactones from Capparis decidua (Forsk.) on arachidonic
acid and adenosine diphosphate-induced platelets aggregation
Variable responses among individual patients,
in addition to adverse effects are the main challenges facing most commonly
used antiplatelet therapies like aspirin for example. Therefore, there is a
need to seek naturally occurring, plant-derived substances which show minimal
side effects. Capparis decidua is an indigenous shrub widely distributed in
desert and semi-desert area of northern and central Sudan. Phytochemical
investigation of aerial parts of Capparis decidua resulted in isolation of two
new sesquiterpine lactones: MW-6 ( germacr-3β- ol-7,9-dien-6,14-olide-15-oic
acid) and MW-11 (Germacr-3β-ol-12-ene-6,14-olide-15-oic acid) along with
several known compounds. The two compounds have shown potent antiplatelets activity
evaluated by using of guinea-pig platelets rich plasma mode. These compounds
may
provide
a chemical moiety for more potent analogues.
In
vitro amoebicidal, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the plants
Adansonia digitata and Cucurbit maxima
The
present study was conducted to investigate the amoebicidal activities of two
medicinal plants used in Sudan. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates
that the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica is a
major
cause of morbidity worldwide, causing approximately 50 million cases of
dysentery and 100,000 deaths annually. Amoebiasis is due to infection with the
protozoan parasite E. histolytica. The patients
infected
with E. histolytica must be treated right after definite diagnosis and no need
to treat infected individuals with E. histolytica dispar isolates.
Metronidazole is used as a drug of choice against amoebiasis.
However,
like a lot of other chemical agents, this drug has its own side effects. Whole
plants of Adansonia digitatata (leave) and Cucurbita maxima (seed) were
extracted by ethanol, with different concentrations
(500,
250 and 125 μg/ml) and Metronidazole (312.5 μg/ml) to be investigated against
E. Histolytica trophozoites in vitro. Ethanolic extracts of A. digitatata
(leave) exhibit 100% inhibition against E. histolytica at
concentration
500 μg/ml after 72 h, this was compared with Metronidazole powder which gave
75% inhibition at concentration 312.5 μg/ml at the same time. Ethanolic
extracts of Cucurbita maxima (seed)
exhibit
100% inhibition at concentration 500 μg/ml after 96 h; this was compared with
Metronidazole powder which gave 80% inhibition at concentration 312.5 μg/ml at
the same time. The tested plants showed high
antimicrobial
activities to the tested bacterial and fungal strains. Moreover, C. maxima
(seed) extract showed a moderate antioxidant activity via DPPH assay free
radical test , however Adansonia digitatata (Leave)
extract
showed low antioxidant activity through the same test. On the other hand, no
activity was presented in iron chelating assay. In conclusion, these studies
conducted for both A. digitatata (leave) and C. maxima
(Seed)
were proved to have potent activities against E. histolytica.
N VITRO
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILES OF THREE ANTITUMOR MEDICINAL
PLANTS GROWN
IN
SUDAN
Oxidative
stress has become widely viewed as an underlying condition of most prevalent
human aliments including cancer. The present study aims to evaluate the
antioxidant potential of three medicinal plants,
grown
in Sudan, namely, Ambrosia maritima L., Aristolochia bracteolata L. and
Lawsonia inermis L., widely held in traditional practice and reputed to cure
tumor. Extraction of the active
morphological
plants' parts was commenced with dichloromethane then 80 % methanol. The
antioxidant activity and phytochemical profile were conducted via 2,
2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)
assay
and preliminary phytochemical screening, respectively.
Lawsonia
inermis MeOH extract ranked the top DPPH active extract (% RSA= 86 ± 0.07%).
Other methanolic plants' extracts, except A.bracteolata branches, reported a
good antioxidant activity (% RSA >
50
%). Preliminary phytochemical screening of the candidate extracts revealed the
presence of coumarins, flavonoids, sterols and tannins. Thus, A. maritima, A.
bracteolata and L.
inermis
by virtue of their antioxidant potential may support their ethnomedicinal uses
as antitumor agents.
Medicinal plants: a re-emerging health aid
Medicinal plants, since times immemorial, have been used in
virtually all cultures as a source of medicine. The widespread use of herbal
remedies and healthcare preparations, as those described in ancient texts such
as the Vedas and the Bible, and obtained from commonly used traditional herbs
and medicinal plants, has been traced to the occurrence of natural products
with medicinal properties.
The
use of traditional medicine and medicinal plants in most developing countries,
as a normative basis for the maintenance of good health, has been widely
observed (UNESCO, 1996).
Furthermore, an increasing reliance on the use of medicinal plants in the
industrialised societies has been traced to the extraction and development of
several drugs and chemotherapeutics from these plants as well as from
traditionally used rural herbal remedies (UNESCO, 1998).
Moreover, in these societies, herbal remedies have become more popular in the
treatment of minor ailments, and also on account of the increasing costs of
personal health maintenance. Indeed, the market and public demand has been so
great that there is a great risk that many medicinal plants today, face either
extinction or loss of genetic diversity.
Isolation
and Characterization of Potential Cytotoxic Leads from Ambrosia maritima L.
(Asteraceae)
Amina
Ibrahim Dirar, Magdi Awadalla Mohamed, Wadah Jamal Ahmed,
Mona
Salih Mohammed, Hassan Subki Khalid, Elrashied A. E. Garelnabi
Abstract
Medicinal
plants have long been recognized as an indispensable source for new leads. In
this study, Ambrosia maritima L. (Asteraceae) was subjected to chromatographic
(TLC & PTLC) and spectroscopic
analysis
(UV, IR, GC-MS & NMR) to isolate and elucidate its active constituents. Two
promising antitumor leads namely; di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and
13-hexyloxacyclotridec-10-en-2-one, had been,
unprecedentedly,
isolated and characterized from the Brine shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA) active dichloromethane
extract.
ETHNOBOTANY
OF SOME SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Sudan, Cultivation and Their
Uses
More than 300 species of Hibiscus are grown
over the world. It is an annual herbaceous shrub belonging to the family Malvaceae.
Sudan is considered as the country in which Roselle originated, particularly in
the Kordofan and Darfur areas. Roselle is known as karkade in the Sudan and
other Arab countries. It is mainly grown for its fleshy calyx (sepals), which
is the commercially valuable part of the plant. The color of the calyx plays an
important role in determining the quality of karkade. The plant has some medicinal
uses; in Europe, it is used in food preparation in sauces, jams, juices,
jellies, syrups and flavoring, and as coloring agent for food and drinks. This
paper is a review of the applications and production of roselle plants, and points
out that roselle is a promising crop for medicinal uses, which is an aspect
that has not been widely studied to date
Activity of Aristolochia bracteolata against Moraxella catarrhalis
A bioassay-guided fractionation of methanol
extract of Aristolochia
bracteolata whole
plant was carried out in order to evaluate its antimicrobial activity and to
identify the active compounds in this extract. Antibacterial and antifungal
activities of methanol extract against gram-positive, gram-negative, and fungal
strains were investigated by the agar disk diffusion method. Among the strains
tested, Moraxella
catarrhalis and
sea urchin-derived Bacillus sp. showed the highest sensitivity
towards the methanol extract and hence they are used as test organisms for the
bioassay-guided fractionation. From this extract, aristolochic acid 1 (AA-1)
has been isolated and has showed the greatest antibacterial activity against
both standard strain and clinical isolates of Moraxella
catarrhalis with
equal minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal
concentration (MBC) values of 25 and 50 μg/mL.
Modification of the AA-1 to AA-1 methyl ester completely abolished the
antibacterial activity of the compound and the piperonylic acid moiety of AA-1
which suggested that the coexistence of phenanthrene ring and free carboxylic
acid is essential for AA-1 antibacterial activity.
EVALUATION
OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF MEDICINAL PLANT:
MELIA AZEDARACH L.
Antimicrobial
efficiency of Melia azedarach L. a medicinal plants (leaf extracts) were
examined using Methanol, Ethanol, Petroleum ether and water, as solvents and
tested against eight human pathogens like Bacteria: Bacillus cereus,
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Fungi:
Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxisporum, Rhizopus stolonifer
using agar well diffusion method and Minimum inhibitory
concentration.
All the plants showed significant activity against all pathogens, but the
alcoholic extract of M. azedarach showed maximum zone of inhibition and minimum
inhibitory concentration against all the microorganisms. The minimum zone of
inhibition and comparatively greater inhibitory concentration were determined
in petroleum ether and aqueous extract of M. azedarach showing less
antimicrobial activity against all the
experimental
strains. The Spectrum of activity observed in the present study may be
indicative of the present study alcoholic extracts of these plants could be a
possible source to obtain new and effective herbal medicines to treat
infections, hence justified the ethnic uses of M. azedarach against
various
infectious diseases.
Medicinal
attributes of Acacia nilotica Linn. - A comprehensive review on
ethnopharmacological claims Herbal medicine is still the mainstay of about
70-80% of world population, mainly in the developing countries, for
primary
health care because of better cultural acceptability, better compatibility with
human body with lesser side effects. Acacia nilotica is also a popular
ornamental avenue tree in India. This review aimed at revealing brief
account
of plant part used, mode of administration, the animal model, description of
Pharmacological activity and results concluded for the same.
Effect
of Certain Mediscinal Plants Extracts Against Storage Pest, Tribolium Castaneum
Herbs
In
continuation of our work on Sudanes e med icinal and aromatic plants, we have
taken into consideration the search for plants with potential in s e c t p e st
management. Alcoholic extracts of ten species of medicinal
plants,
namely, Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae), Alternanthera nodiflora
(Amaranthaceae), Ambrosia maritime (Asteraceae), Cardiospermum halicacabum
(Sapindaceae), Eclipta prostrata (Asteraceae), Polygonum glabrum
(Polygonaceae),
Pulicaria undulata (Asteraceae), Solanum dubium (Solanaceae), Sonchus cornatus
(Asteraceae), and Sonc h u s o l e ra ceus (Asteraceae), traditionally used in
Sudan for the treatment of various ailments and
dis
eas es were screened for ins ecticidal activity against the storage pest,
Tribolium castaneum which are known to caus e maximum damage in p u ls e s a n
d wheat flour in storage. The tests were carried out using filter paper
impregnation
method at concentration levels ra n g e b e twe e n (10 – 200 mg/ml) of the
crude alcoholic extracts. O 50 50 f all the plants tested, Sonchus oleraceus
(LC = 20 mg/ml after 36 h o u rs), Ageratum conyzoides (LC =
10
50 mg/ml after 96 hours), and Ambrosia maritima(LC = 20 mg/ml after 72 hours)
were fo u n d t o b e t h e most active species against Tribolium castaneum.
The results indicate the pote n tia l for these medicinal plants as a
new
source of p e st c o n tro l materials and further comprehensive chemical and
biological investigations are warranted to elucidate t h e e xtract mechanism
of the action of thes e extracts (especially, plants of family
Asteraceae)
for such activity.
Antibacterial
activity of endophytic fungi extracts from the medicinal plant Kigelia africana.
The
aim of this study was to identify the endophytic fungi of the medicinal plant Kigelia
africana (Lam) Benth. (Bignoniaceae) and to investigate their potential antimicrobial
activity. Seven species of endophytic fungi were successfully isolated from K.
Africana for the first time: including Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus
sp., Curvularia lunata as well as three unknown species. The fungal
extracts
were assessed for antibacterial activity against three standard pathogenic bacterial
strains: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Most of
the extracts showed in vitro inhibition of bacterial growth. The phytochemical screening
revealed the existence of a diverse group of secondary metabolites in the crude
extracts of the endophytic fungi that resemble those in the host plant
extracts.
ETHNOBOTANICAL
STUDY OF THREE TREES: INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE ON TREES USED AS COSMETIC IN KHARTOUM
STATE, SUDAN
A
survey of three localities Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman in Khartoum
State, Sudan were selected for ethnobotanical study on uses of three trees, the
studied three species were Combretum hartmannianum (Habil), Acacia seyal (Talih)
and Terminalia brownie (Darot). Questionnaires were structured in such a way
that data can be collected from the respondent to know the common name, uses,
how to use, know nikhra and the part used of these nikhra. A total of 152 questionnaires
was distributed and administered but only 84 were returned. The questionnaires
covered two months from April to June 2011. The results showed that the common
name of Acacia seyal was Talhi, and that of Combretum hartmannianum was Habil
and Terminalia brownie was Darot. The ruof ythgie questionnaires were analyzed
showed that married female mostly use
Acacia
Seyal, Combretum hartmannianum and terminalia brownie in traditional Sudanese
women cosmetic process called "Dokhan". Acacia seyal was found to be
used for cosmetic purposes by 50.0% of the respondents, while Combretum hartmannianum
and terminalia brownie were used by 25.0%. Unfortunately only 45.2, 31.0 and
32.1% of the questioned women did know nikhra of Acacia seyal, Combretum
hartmannianum and Terminalia brownie, respectively. The extraction methods of nikhra
(41.7%), from Acacia seyal, Combretum hartmannianum and terminalia brownie are
bulb scratched from wood, also the questionnaire show use of nikhra from Acacia
seyal, Combretum hartmannianum and terminalia brownie for fight mosquito (22.6%)
and dokhan (6.0%) while 74.4% not known
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