COMMISSION OF NATURAL RESOURCES MARUHUBI, ZANZIBAR

• COMMISSION OF NATURAL RESOURCES MARUHUBI, ZANZIBAR
  
  THE CURES OF JOZANI FOREST (Madawa ya Jozani)
  By:
  Yusuf Haji Kombo and Makame Kitwana Makame
  Zanzibar Forestry Technical Paper No. 100
  
  Jozani - Chwaka Bay Conservation Project
  P.O. Box 3526
  Tel/Fax: 255 54 31252
  Zanzibar
  Tanzania
  
  
  INTRODUCTION
  
  Background
  
  Jozani has a very rich flora, hence variety of products extracted. It is highly recognized due to its existence of various ecosystems, which harbours more than 100 native species of Zanzibar. The Jozani forest is composed of core protected high forest and swamp forest which are encompassed by the largest mature dryland of coral rag forest.
  
  A wide range of benefits is provided to the local community ranging from timber to medicine which increases the pressure of exploitation on both woody and non woody products significantly. Local communities around the forest depend either directly or indirectly upon the forest for their needs.
  
  Medicinal plants occur naturally in Jozani, giving opportunity to rural inhabitants to traditionally use them for health purposes. Indeed, traditional knowledge about these plants and their uses has not yet been studied, and arouse the fear that potentially valuable medicinal plants of Jozani forest will vanish if studies are not concluded.
  
  Several documents on medicinal plants are available in Zanzibar. These include:
  1. Williams, R.O. (1945), Useful and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs of Zanzibar
  2. Robinson, D. (1997), Medicinal Plants of Jozani
  3. Kombo, Y.H. (1996), Indigenous Trees for Agroforestry. High Potential Species.
  4. Robinson, Z. (1998). Medicinal Plants of Jozani etc.
  However, they are not exhaustive. Still further study is needed.
  
  WHY MEDICINAL PLANTS?
  
  Their Importance
  
  "Medicinal plants have been used since the pre-historic times. The evidence for man's dependence on plants of survival has been demonstrated by palaenoethnobotanical findings from pre-historic archaeological sites (Renfrew, 1976; Smith 1976,1986). Written evidence from early civilizations includes the Sumarians ideograms dating back to 4000BD; the Eber Payrus of C. 1500 BC; from ancient Egypt; from China, the Ehr Ya of 3000 BC; the Shu Ching of 1000BC and from C. 1500 (Neecham, 1986; Schultes 1960) and the Ayurivedia pharmacopoeia.
  
  Both developing and developed countries have shown great interest in using traditional and indigenous medicinal resources in implementing their national health programmes. The developing countries focus on the use of these resources at primary health care level. In the developed countries the vogue for using natural biological products rather than synthetic ones has been the prime motive behind a renewed interest in folk medicine (including the medicinal herbs) (WHO, 1984).
  
  In the developed countries plants constitute the raw materials for industrial processing and preparation of pure chemical derivatives. In many developing countries medicinal plants are utilized as extracts or infusions and constitute the basis of almost all the forms of therapy.
  
  According the WHO's (1979) inventory, medicinal plants are classified into three categories:- plants that are employed directly in therapy; plants that constitute the raw material for galenicals i.e. medicine made from vegetables and not from chemical components (conclusion et al., 1962); and plants that constitute the raw material for industrial processing and which are employed either for the extraction and purification of active principles, or to serve as starting materials or intermediates for synthetic preparations. From the inventory, out of 20,000 plants from 90 countries, a list of only 248 has been prepared for the standardization of nomenclature, therapeutic classifications and determination of international specifications of identity, purity and strength. This is therefore a depth of information about medicinal plants.
  
  Apart from the export of roots of Jateorhiza palmata to Europe which is an important business in Lindi District (Annon, 1986), the majority of the wood products except timber in Tanzania have hardly been tapped on an industrial scale. Yet these products are invaluable resources that could be utilized on a sustainable basis by producing such items as drugs, perfumes, textiles, dyes and dietary supplements, thus saving foreign currency needed to export such items, and to cater for the export market, thus earning foreign exchange needed to import such items". Urio K.M.E (1994).
  
  OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
  
  This study has the following intentions:
  
  1. To document available information concerning the therapeutic values of medicinal plant species of Jozani forest reserve of Zanzibar. This includes identification of the species and description of the preparation of treatment for a particular illness and dosages.
  
  2. Getting ecological knowledge that will help in monitoring the ecological status and conserving ecosystem through proper management and conservation of medicinal plants.
  
  RESULTS AND FINDINGS: DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIVIDUAL SPECIES
  1. Kifunga ng'ombe (Unidentified)
  Available at viamboni (near village hamlets)
  Parts: Roots
  Treatment: Child diarrhea
  
  Medicine preparation: Roots are boiled. Decoction (extract) is taken twice or thrice a day
  Dosage: Two (2) teas cups three (3) times a day
  
  2. Kiganda cha kangu(Unidentified)
  Available at Bungi areas
  Parts: Leaves
  Treatment: 'Uwawati"
  Medicine preparation and application: Ground leaves are mixed with 'popoo' husk and ash then rubbed onto the affected part of the body
  
  3. Kikundu cha kuku (Unidentified)
  Widespread in Jozani and Pete hamlets
  Parts: Leaves
  Treatment: Eye stone (Macho ya nazi/jicho lenye moto)
  Medicine preparation: Leaves are crushed with a little amount of water. Decoction juice is then applied to the eye.
  Dosage: One to two drops three times a day
  
  4. Kipepe wazuu (Unidentified)
  Parts: roots
  Treatment: Fever (kumbazi)
  Medicine preparation: Roots are boiled.
  Dosage: Two cups twice or thrice a day
  Other medicinal uses: The dried leaves of Kipepe wazuu together with leaves of lime tree and Sorindeia madagascariensis (mpilipipi doria - mwenda na kishindo) is used to smoke a child suffering from fever (Homa ya kushituka).
  
  5. Kivimbukio cha fuu (unidentified)
  Available at kichanga road areas and Mungwis
  Parts: roots
  Disease: Normal stomach pains
  Medicine preparation and dosage: Chew the roots with salt.
  ***The climber is very rare.
  
  6. Kiviza (Unidentified)
  Available at Kijiweni, Bungi Kerenge, Mombasasa and in cultivated areas.
  Parts: Leaves
  Treatment: Swollen and irritating legs.
  Medicine preparation and application: A good number of leaves is pilled in the banana leaf and heated, then applied just like Plastic of Paris (OP)
  
  7. Kongwa (Commelina zambesica)
  Available at open coral rag forest areas
  Parts: flowers
  Treatment: Eye stone (Jicho la nazia)
  Medicine preparation: Collect the flower nectar in a cup or small plate. Add two to three grains of red millet.
  Dosage and application: The drop of collected nectar and associated sap is applied to the affected eye at a dosage of three drops three to four times a day for at least seven days.
  
  
  
  8. M'baazi (Cajanus cajan)
  
  Widely available in fields
  
  Parts: Leaves
  
  Treatment: Nose bleeding, stomach pains suffered by mothers who have just delivered, eye stone and child diarrhoea.
  
  Medicine preparation:
  
  a.) For nose bleeding and eye stone: Green leaves are crushed and filtered with a little amount of water.
  
  Dosage: Three to four drops of the juice filtered from the crushed leaves is applied into the nasal passage of the bleeding person
  
  
  
  * The crushed leaf extract/decoction also treats mtoto wa jicho in early stages when the drops are applied.
  
  
  
  b.) Pains suffered by mothers who have just delivered: The roots are boiled.
  
  Dosage: The patients take from half a cup to one teacup of the boiled juice per day.
  
  
  
  c.) For child diarrhoea: Young leaves are boiled.
  
  Dosage: The patients take half a teacup of the boiled juice twice or thrice a day.
  
  
  
  9. Mbaa mwaka (mwende nachi) (unidentified)
  
  Available at viamboni areas
  
  Parts: Roots
  
  Treatment: Swollen legs
  
  Medicine preparation: Roots are crushed/growing. Mixed with bitter lemon fruit (danzi)
  
  Dosage and application: The crushed mixture is then applied/rubbed on to the swollen leg.
  
  
  
  ***The plant is becoming rare and difficult to obtain.
  
  
  
  10. M'bono (Jatropha curcas)
  
  Mainly found in graveyards.
  
  Parts: Leaves
  
  Treatment: Fresh wounds
  
  Medicine preparation: The mixture of leaves and lime is crushed.
  
  Dosage and application: The ground mixture is then applied on to the open wound and bandaged.
  
  
  
  11. Mchengele (Rhus Longipes)
  
  Available at Shashaani, Mambosasa areas of Jozani forest.
  
  Parts: Leaves
  
  Treatment: Gums and toothache (Jino la tambazi)
  
  Medicine preparation: Leaves are boiled.
  
  Dosage and application: Put the boiled leaves in a medium size container. Cover the container with your mouth and allow the stem to strike on the diseased gum and teeth. If the swollen gum is ripe, it will burst to release pus/discharge. If not repeat the process for a few days until it bursts. After the gum bursts, wash the wound with the extracts from the boiled leaves.
  
  
  
  12. Mchembelele (Bourevia petiolaris)
  
  Available at Shashaani in coral forests, also known as Joshi and Mambosasa.
  
  Parts: Roots
  
  Treatment: Scorpio bites
  
  Medicine preparation: The roots are ground with a little amount of water. Filter the ground roots to get the extract.
  
  
  
  13. Mdaa (Euclaea racemosa)
  
  Available at Shashaani and coral rag areas of Jozani forest.
  
  Parts: Roots
  
  Treatment: Coughing
  
  Medicine preparation: Seven medium sized pieces of roots are boiled together with two or three leaves of the betel plant (tambuu).
  
  Dosage: the ill person at a dosage of one coffee cup then drinks The decoction three times a day. Children under three years take 1 - 2 cups three times a day.
  
  The roots are also used in traditional production of dye for 'ukili' (plaited leaves of palm), and as tooth brushes.
  
  
  
  14. Mdimu msitu (Suregada zanzibarensis)
  
  Available in many parts of Jozani forest but mainly at Kichanga area and Kijiweni
  
  Parts: Roots, leaves
  
  Treatment: Children's stomach pain
  
  Medicine preparation: Roots or leaves are boiled to get the extract.
  
  Dosage: Three spoons twice or thrice a day.
  
  
  
  15. Mgagadu/mhariri (unidentified)
  
  Available at Jozani along the road side to Charawe and near by thickets
  
  Parts: Roots
  
  Treatment: Stomach pain of mothers who have just delivered.
  
  Medicine preparation: Roots are boiled together with ginger to get extract.
  
  Dosage: A tea cup twice a day.
  
  
  
  **The plant is becoming very rare.
  
  
  
  16. Mjafari (Drypetes natalensis)
  
  Available at Charawe areask Tovu and Kikuyu.
  
  Parts: Roots and barks
  
  Treatment: Fever, delivered mother smell (ujusi)
  
  Medicine preparation: Roots/barks are boiled to get the extract.
  
  Dosage: Two cups twice a day.
  
  
  
  17. Mkaati (Bridelia micrantha)
  
  Available at tovu and shamba areas of Jozani forest
  
  Parts: Barks, roots
  
  Treatment: Fresh wounds
  
  Medicine preparation: The fresh bark is crushed with lime (chokaa).
  
  Dosage: The crushed mixture is applied on to the wound and bandaged.
  
  
  
  *Mkaati in this way is used as iodine solution.
  
  
  
  18. Mkangalashamba (Rapanea melanosphelos)
  
  Available at kikuyu near Mambosasa, also in coral rag thickets.
  
  Parts: Roots
  
  Treatment: Stomach pain (under the navel/umbilical cord)
  
  Medicine preparation: Roots are boiled to get the extract.
  
  Dosage: Two cups twice a day (morning and evening).
  
  
  
  19. Mkomafi (Xylocarpus granatum)
  
  Locally available tree at Jozani/Pete
  
  Parts: Roots/bark
  
  Treatment: Malnutrition and constipation in children
  
  Medicine preparation: Decoction from boiled roots or bark.
  
  Dosage: One coffee cup size three times a day for four days.
  
  
  
  20. Mkuju chano (Ficus sur.)
  
  Available at Jozani Tovu areas, Kijiweni and Mnyakupa.
  
  Parts: Leaves
  
  Treatment: Cough and diarrhoea
  
  Medicine preparation: Extracts/decoction from crushed leaves.
  
  Dosage: One teacup three times a day.
  
  
  
  21. Mkundekunde (Cassia abbreviata)
  
  The shrub is found in open areas of Mombasasa
  
  Parts: Roots
  
  Treatment: Stomach pain
  
  Medicine preparation: Roots are boiled to get the extract
  
  Dosage: One teacup twice or thrice a day.
  
  
  
  22. Mkwamba (Flueggea virosa)
  
  The shrub is found in both shamba areas and coral rag areas of Jozani forest. It grows in open areas
  
  Parts: Roots and leaves
  
  Treatment: Cold in children
  
  Medicine preparation: The roots and leaves are boiled to get the decoction.
  
  Dosage: The extract is then used to wash the sick child. Little water is given to the child to drink, about a handful twice a day.
  
  
  
  23. Mlashore (Renna pavettoides)
  
  The tree is locally available at Shashaani and coral rag areas
  
  Parts: Roots
  
  Treatment: Stomach pain in pregnant women
  
  Medicine preparation: Roots are boiled with ginger (tangawizi)
  
  Dosage: Two cups (coffee cups) twice a day.
  
  
  
  24. Mnyeminyemi (Abrus precotorius)
  
  {macho ya fufu}
  
  Parts: Leaves
  
  Treatment: Asthma, cough
  
  Medicine preparation: Crushed leaves with a stone of common salt and a 'red ant' nest boiled together
  
  Dosage: A coffee cup thrice a day.
  
  
  
  25. Muouza/Mwiza (Unidentified)
  
  Available at Pete uwandani and kitongani areas.
  
  Parts: Roots and leaves
  
  Treatment: Blood deficiency, anaemia
  
  Medicine preparation: Roots or leaves are boiled
  
  Dosage: One cup of decoction three times a day.
  
  
  
  26. Mpamba wake (Lippia asperifollia)
  
  The tree is available at coral rag areas of Pete and Bungi Kerenge.
  
  Parts: Roots and leaves
  
  Treatment: Blood deficiency, anaemia
  
  Medicine preparation: Roots or leaves are boiled.
  
  Dosage: One cup of decoction, three times a day
  
  
  
  
  
  27. Mnunu (Unidentified)
  
  Available at Jozani 'Shamba' and open areas
  
  Parts: Leaves, roots
  
  Treatment: Stomach ache, nyungu
  
  Medicine preparation: Root nodules are boiled with 3-7 seeds of black paper catalyst (Kisio)
  
  Dosage: One coffee cup twice a day.
  
  
  
  28. Mpapai Mwitu (Cussonia zimmermanii)
  
  Parts: Roots
  
  Treatment: Infant's swollen stomachs
  
  Medicine preparation and application: The roots are crushed with ginger and rubbed on to the stomach twice a day.
  
  
  
  29. Mpatakuva (Plectranthus barbatus)
  
  Available at Mambosasa area
  
  Parts: Leaves
  
  Treatment: Stomach pain
  
  Medicine preparation: Leaves are boiled with a small crystal of salt
  
  Dosage: Two to three cups per day
  
  
  
  30. Mpea (Persea americana) Avocado
  
  Locally available at Jozani
  
  Parts: Roots or bark
  
  Treatment: Blood deficiency and blood pressure
  
  Medicine preparation: Extracts/decoctions from boiled roots/barks.
  
  Dosage: One teacup three times a day
  
  
  
  31. Mpera (Psidium guajava)
  
  The tree is found all over Jozani forest, particularly in open areas of shamba lands.
  
  Parts: Roots
  
  Treatment:
  
  i.) Stomach pain of mothers who have delivered (tumbo la uzazi)
  
  Medicine preparation: The roots are boiled with a small piece of salt (kisio).
  
  Dosage: The sick mother then has to drink half a teacup of the distillate twice a day.
  
  
  
  ii.) The decoction is also believed to add blood and reduce blood deficiency.
  
  
  
  32 Mpinga Waume (Senna petersiana) Mkinga waume, muubuzi
  
  The tree is mostly found in the coral rag areas of Jozani forest. Few stems are found in the Shamba areas around Shashaani and Mambosasa vicinity.
  
  Parts: Leaves and/or roots
  
  Treatment: Flu, fever in pregnant women, children's cold and Hernia
  
  Medicine preparation:
  
  i.) The roots and/or leaves are boiled. The patient suffering from hernia then drinks the bitter extract.
  
  ii.) Nyungu: This is the mixture of different tree parts boiled together. For the treatment of women's cold or children's cold, nyungu is the most appropriate together with leaves of Senna petersiana, leaves of mpande, mpepe, mdaka komba, mpashu, mvuje majani, mdimu situ and mchengele are added.
  
  
  
  The patient is covered with a thick cloth and the vapour/steam then cures them.
  
  
  
  33. Mranaha (Datura fastuosa)
  
  Available at Mombasasa and open areas of Pete
  
  Parts: Leaves and flowers
  
  Treatment: Asthma
  
  Medicine preparation: Dried flowers are made into a cigarette.
  
  Dosage: The asthmatic patient then smokes the cigarette. Smoke must be inhaled and allowed to come out through both mouth and nose.
  
  Other medical uses: Juice or sap of the plant when added to local alcoholic drink (gongo) makes it too strong and dangerous. Small amounts of it make the drinker helpless.
  
  
  
  34. Mraramba
  
  Available at Shashaani, kwa Ruwehireas
  
  Parts: Roots
  
  Treatment: Cough
  
  Medicine preparation: Extracts from boiled roots
  
  
  
  Dosage: Quarter teacup twice a day.
  
  
  
  *Rare species, mainly cut for firewood.
  
  
  
  35. Mrija (Unidentified)
  
  Parts: Roots
  
  Treatment: Asthma, nyungu.
  
  Medicine preparation: Roots are boiled
  
  Dosage: Two cups (coffee cups) of the decoction of boiled roots is taken thrice a day.
  
  
  
  36. Mshinduzi (Unidentified)
  
  Available at Tovu area of Jozani forest, Pete and Tovu Ng;orogozo.
  
  Parts: Roots and bark
  
  Treatment: Children's cold (kumbazi), and cold to elders
  
  Medicine preparation: Roots or bark are boiled and taken orally.
  
  Dosage: Full cup twice or thrice a day for adults. Two to three spoonfuls thrice a day for children.
  
  
  
  *** The tree is becoming rare.
  
  
  
  37. Msiliza (Euclea schimperili)
  
  The tree is found in Maweni area, Shashaani and kokoni areas.
  
  Parts: Roots
  
  Treatment: Children's stomach pain, constipation
  
  Medicine preparation and dosage: Six to seven medium pieces of roots are boiled together with immature 'papaya'. The juice is given to a child suffering from stomach pain (constipation) at a dosage of three teaspoons three times a day to a child of 1.5 - 3 years old. Adults take half a teacup three times a day.
  
  
  
  38. Msimizi (Antidesma venosum)
  
  Available at bondeni Latusi
  
  Parts: Roots
  
  Treatment: Snake bite
  
  Medicine preparation: Crush the roots.
  
  Dosage: Apply the crushed roots on to the wound.
  
  
  
  39. Mtalawanda (Markamia zanzibarensis)
  
  The tree is available at Tovu area of Jozani forest and in the vicinity of Pete viamboni.
  
  Parts: Roots
  
  Treatment: Stomach pain before and after ladies menstruation (Zingizi)
  
  Medicine preparation: Roots are boiled with pieces of dried octopus.
  
  Dosage: Two cups a day
  
  
  
  40. Mtikiza (Sorindeia madagascarensis)
  
  Available at Mnyakupa near Jozani and Bungi kerenge.
  
  Parts: Roots
  
  Treatment: Snake bite
  
  Medicine preparation: Grind the roots with ginger (if available)
  
  Dosage: Apply the ground mixture onto the wound once a day.
  
  
  
  ***The tree is becoming rare.
  
  
  
  41. Mtongo (Unidentified)
  
  Available all over the coral rag areas of Jozani forest, shamba areas and open uncultivated areas.
  
  Parts: Roots and stem
  
  Treatment: Blood deficiency and eye irritation.
  
  Medicine preparation and dosage:
  
  i.) Blood deficiency: Decoction from boiled roots. Take half a tea cup twice a day
  
  ii.) Eye irritation: Cut the stem to get sap. Apply the sap into the eye thrice a day.
  
  
  
  42. Mtopetope/mkwe (Annona senegalensis)
  
  Available all over the coral rag of Jozani forest, shamba areas and open uncultivated areas.
  
  Parts: Roots
  
  Treatment: Cleaning snake bite wounds, child constipation and stomach pain (kirambisho)
  
  Medicine preparation and dosage:
  
  
  
  i.) For snakebites: Grind the roots into very smooth paste. Use this to clean the wound before applying the medicine made from msisimizi (see tree number 38).
  
  ii.) For child constipation: Roots are boiled with fresh coconut milk (tui) so as to get oil and the cakes (mashata). Take two spoons of oil twice a day together with the cakes.
  
  
  
  43. Mtukutu (Unidentified)
  
  Parts: Leaves, roots
  
  Treatment: Pimples (skin eruptions) Upele', stomach pain.
  
  Medicine preparation: The leaves or roots are boiled
  
  Dosage: For adults, two cups (coffee cups) thrice a day. Children of 1.5 - 2 years, three tea-spoons thrice a day.
  
  
  
  44. Mtumbaku wa kawaida (Nicotiana tabacum)
  
  Parts: Leaves and roots
  
  Disease cured: Skin pimples (eruption) 'upele', stomach pain
  
  Medicine Preparation: The leaves/roots are boiled.
  
  Dosage: For stamch pain, tow to three cups per day
  
  For upele, the boiled extract is used to wash the body.
  
  
  
  45. Mtumbika (Mtunutundu) (Mollutus apposifolia)
  
  Parts: Roots
  
  Disease cured: Fever resulting from stomach pain paritucularly
  
  to expectant mothers
  
  Medicine Preparation: Decoction / extracts from boiled roots
  
  with black pepper (3-4 seeds)
  
  Dosage: Half tea cup twice or thrice a day
  
  
  
  46. Mtunda kanga (Cassyth filifomis)
  
  {Mlangamia}
  
  Parts: Any part of the climber
  
  Disease cured: Diarrhoea
  
  Medicine Preparation: With small piece of salt decoction is
  
  made by crushing any part of the plant.
  
  Dosage: Quarter tea cup thrice a day for an adult and a tea
  
  spoonful three times a day for children
  
  
  
  
  
  48. Muarubaini (Azadirachta indica)
  
  Found near hamlets
  
  Parts: Roots
  
  Disease cured: Malaria, pressure, pimples "upele', diarrhoea
  
  Medicine Preparation for pressure/malaria and diarrhoea: The
  
  leaves, barks or roots are boiled.
  
  Dosage: Adult two cups of decoction twice or thrice a day.
  
  For Pimples: The boiled extract from leaves, barks or roots
  
  (decoction) is used to bathe the body.
  
  Other medicinal values: Pesticide, neem oil.
  
  
  
  49. Muwanga kwao (Bersama abyssinica)
  
  Available at tovu and few stems in coral rag thickets and open
  
  areas of Mambosasa
  
  Parts: Roots
  
  Disease cured: Gum and toothache
  
  Medicine Preparation: Roots, garlic and ash are ground together
  
  with very little amount of water Dosage: Rub the ground
  
  mixture on the outer part of the cheek (shavu). In case this
  
  medicine does not cure properly (inneffective) add ground mranaha and apply the same.
  
  
  
  50. Muwanga (Rauvolfia mombasiana)
  
  Available at Tove and Mombasasa areas
  
  Medicine Preparation: The roots are boiled together with fish
  
  or a piece of meat and the animal is then allowed to eat it
  
  
  
  51. Mviongozi (unidentified)
  
  Available in coral rag thickets at Mambosasa and Kijiweni along
  
  charawe road.
  
  Parts: Roots
  
  Disease cured: Coughing
  
  Medicine Preparation: Roots pieces are boiled with frankincense
  
  'ubani' as catalyst
  
  Dosage: For adults, a full coffee cup three times a day and for
  
  children, a tea spoonful thrice a day.
  
  
  
  52. Mwenda na penu (unidentified)
  
  Mtambaa na penu
  
  Available at Mambosasa area
  
  Parts: Whole plant
  
  Disease cured: Women's stomach pain (pain in the groin)
  
  Medicine Preparation: The whole plant is uprooted and boiled.
  
  Dosage: Two cups a day.
  
  Other medicinal uses: The boiled juice fo the platns is given
  
  to a mother who is about to deliver but suffering prolonged
  
  labour. The medicine makes her to deliver faster.
  
  
  
  53. Mzambarau (Eugenia jambolana)
  
  Mainly found at tovu area, but also at Viamboni areas
  
  Parts: leaves, barks
  
  Disease cured: Vomiting, pressure
  
  Medicine Preparation:
  
  For vomiting, young leaves are boiledr
  
  Dosage: For kid of 1.5 years, two teaspoonfuls thrice a day.
  
  For high blood pressure, barks are boiled
  
  Dosage: Adults, one cup thrice a day
  
  For toothache, the extract from the crushed mixture of leaves
  
  and bark is used to wash the mouth
  
  
  
  54. Ufyagio (Sida spp.)
  
  Available widely at Jozani and Mambosasa
  
  Parts: Leaves
  
  Disease cured: Swelling and irritating legs
  
  Medicine Preparation: Ground leaves mised with hot ash, ocimum
  
  canum livumbasi' or uphorbia tirucali 'utupa' to make it
  
  stronger
  
  Application: Applied on affected parts two times a day.
  
  
  
  55. Ukoka (Panicum trichocladium)
  
  Parts: Leaves
  
  Disease cured: Eye disease
  
  Medicine Preparation: leaves are boiled together with leaces of
  
  Ocimum canum 'Kivumbasi'
  
  Dosage:
  
  -Cover the whole body with clothe and allow the stem of the
  
  -boiled leaves to stike the eyes, and make sure that the stem is not too hot to damage the eye.
  
  -Early in the morning before washing ones face or
  
  taking a shower, collect dews from ukoka leaves and use to wash the face. Repeat this process for at least three days.
  
  
  
  56. Upupu (Mucuna gigantea)
  
  Widely spread at Jozani area; not found in high forest.
  
  Parts: Leaves
  
  Disease cured: Gonorrhoea (kisono)
  
  Medicine Preparation: The leaves of Mucuna gigantea are mixed
  
  with leaves of a stinging plant avi ya nyanya' and 'mnuka
  
  mavi'. The leaves are then crushed and filtered using liquid
  
  fromthe rupe (immature coconut)
  
  Dosage: Take in one cup of the filtered juice thrice a day for
  
  at least three days.
  
  Patients advised to take with sugar cane at night to clean the
  
  urine.
  
  
  
  57. Uwanga dume( Gonatopus boivinii)
  
  Parts: Roots tubers (kiazia)
  
  Disease cured: Toothache (tambazi) and inner ear
  
  Medicine Preparation and application: Grind the tuber, mix
  
  with hot ash and apply outside an ear or cheek.
  
  
  
  58. Uwanga jike (Tacca leontopetiloides)
  
  Parts: Roots tubers (kiazia)
  
  Disease cured: Diarrhoea
  
  Medicine Preparation: Flour is made. Two tea spoonfuls are
  
  mixed with a cup of coffee and well stirred in cold water.
  
  Dosage: For children, two teaspoonfuls three times a day and
  
  for adults, one coffee cup thrice a day.
  
  
  
  59. Mpande (unidentified)
  
  Available at Shashaani areas.
  
  Parts: Leaves, roots, barka)
  
  Disease cured: Flu, fever for pregnanct women and children
  
  Medicine Preparation: 'Nyungu', the mixture ofleaves from other
  
  plant including ukoka, mwendachafya, mdakakomba, mpepe
  
  wazuu, mpashu, mvunje majani, mrija, mdimu msitu, mchengele
  
  mnkamavi and mpilipili doria are boiled to produce smoke which
  
  is inhaled.
  
  
  
  60. Mbuyu (Adansonia digitata)
  
  Available at farm field areas towards mangrove board walk and
  
  Mambosasa areas.
  
  Parts: Seeds, leaves, roots and barkRoots tubers (kiazia)
  
  Disease cured: Dysentry, toothache, malaria, smallpox, measles,
  
  eye irritation, fever and asthma.
  
  Medicine Preparation: 'Nyungu', the mixture of leaves and bark
  
  with other plants cures fever. Seeds ure asthma, pulp extracts
  
  are applied as eye drops. Boiled bark for dysentry and bark
  
  with roots can cure toothache, malaria, smallpox, measle and
  
  dysentry.
  
  
  
  Conclusion and Recommendations.
  
  
  
  * The study provides basic information on medicinal plants of Jozani. It aims at promoting knowledgee to a wider range of users and gives challenges to conservation institutions in and outside the country
  
  * Further in depth researches are needed to discover this hidden treasure among the local community in areas other than the Jozani forest.
  
  
  
  
  
  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
  
  
  
  We sincerely acknowledge the Hon. President of the Zanzibar Revolutionary Government and the Chairman of the Zanzibar Revolutionary Council for encouraging research on medicinal plants of Zanzibar during the Zanzibar National Agriculture Exhibition in 1997.
  
  
  
  Without contribution and willingnessa revealing of curative information from Mr. Shaabani Haji Vuai 'Mjoza' of Jozani and Mr. Hamadi 'Nguru' of Pongwe, this work could not have come to point.
  
  
  
  Not to be forgotten are Jozani and Chwaka Bay Conservation Project for their support and motivation.
  
  
  
  REFERENCES:
  
  
  
  1. Anon, (1988). The Tanzania 1988 Population Census. Preliminary Report. Bureau of Statistics. Ministry of Finance, Economic Affairs and Planning, Dar es Salaam
  
  2. Arusha Regional Annual Report. (1990), RNRO/RDD's Office, Arusha.
  
  3. Coulson, J. et al., (1962). Oxford Illustrated Dictionary Tex. Oxford at Clarendon Press 1962.
  
  4. Renfrew, J.M. et al, (1976). Paleoethnobotany. The Pre-historic Food Plants of Near East and Europe. Columbia University Press, New York
  
  5. Smith, A (1988). A Contribution to South African Materia Medica. Lovedale, South Africa.
  
  6. WHO, (1979). Inventory of Medicinal Plants: Selection and Characterization. WHO Chronicle, 33:56 - 57.
  
  7. Urio, K.M.E. (1994). Medicinal Trees of Northern Tanzania. Bsc. Dissertation in a Partial Fulfillment of Honor Degree, Bachelor of Science in Agroforestry, Submitted at University of North Wales, Bangor, U.K.

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